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submission 915822

Chanho Lee · python · License unknown

Use it

Vendorable · source mirrored · license unknownView source →

No package. Vendor the mirrored source: 5275 lines, June 9 Researcher Reciprocity License v1.0.

submission.py
curl "https://kernelindex.com/api/v1/implementations/kernelbot-cholesky-915822?include=source"
interfacepython
Compatibility
measured onNVIDIA B200
declared hardwareNVIDIA B200
architecturessm_100
dtypesfp32

Benchmark evidence

1 measurement across 1 GPU, fastest first.

Operation / workload
Hardware
Latency
Rank
Observed
NVIDIA B200
864.8µs
#91 of 337
2026-07-27

Reported · How evidence levels are derived →

Source and license

sourceavailable
revision digestsha256:62b76b9b54527dcc5eca19d11a3fb9cbada8dc6f5988a3e80a718115642db002
license declaredunknown
license concludedunknown
authorsChanho Lee
imported2026-08-26

Techniques

Extracted from the mirrored source by pattern, never inferred. Each row cites its line.

mbarrier"mbarrier.init.shared::cta.b64 [%0], %1;"
mmanvcuda::wmma::fragment<
shared-memory__shared__ float factor[4][n][n + 1];
vector-width = float4const float4 output_values = make_float4(

Kernel source

submission.py5275 lines
#!POPCORN leaderboard cholesky
#!POPCORN gpu B200

import os

import torch
from torch.utils.cpp_extension import load_inline

from task import input_t, output_t


torch.backends.cuda.preferred_linalg_library("cusolver")


CUDA_SOURCE = r"""
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cuda_fp16.h>
#include <mma.h>
#include <cusolverDn.h>
#include <cublas_v2.h>
#include <cublasLt.h>
#include <array>
#include <cstdint>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

__device__ __forceinline__ float sqrt_approx(float value) {
    float result;
    asm volatile("sqrt.approx.f32 %0, %1;" : "=f"(result) : "f"(value));
    return result;
}

__device__ __forceinline__ float rcp_approx(float value) {
    float result;
    asm volatile("rcp.approx.f32 %0, %1;" : "=f"(result) : "f"(value));
    return result;
}

// C560A_HELPERS_BEGIN
__device__ __forceinline__ unsigned int c560a_shared_address(
    const void* pointer
) {
    return static_cast<unsigned int>(__cvta_generic_to_shared(pointer));
}

__device__ __forceinline__ void c560a_mbar_init(
    unsigned long long* barrier,
    int arrivals
) {
    const unsigned int address = c560a_shared_address(barrier);
    asm volatile(
        "mbarrier.init.shared::cta.b64 [%0], %1;"
        :: "r"(address), "r"(arrivals)
        : "memory"
    );
}

__device__ __forceinline__ void c560a_mbar_arrive(
    unsigned long long* barrier
) {
    const unsigned int address = c560a_shared_address(barrier);
    asm volatile(
        "mbarrier.arrive.release.cta.shared::cluster.b64 _, [%0];"
        :: "r"(address)
        : "memory"
    );
}

__device__ __forceinline__ void c560a_mbar_wait(
    unsigned long long* barrier,
    int parity
) {
    const unsigned int address = c560a_shared_address(barrier);
    asm volatile(
        "{\n\t"
        ".reg .pred ready;\n\t"
        "C560A_WAIT_%=: "
        "mbarrier.try_wait.parity.acquire.cta.shared::cta.b64 "
        "ready, [%0], %1, 10000000;\n\t"
        "@!ready bra.uni C560A_WAIT_%=;\n\t"
        "}"
        :: "r"(address), "r"(parity)
        : "memory"
    );
}
// C560A_HELPERS_END

__device__ __forceinline__ void panel_barrier128() {
    asm volatile("bar.sync 1, 128;" ::: "memory");
}

template <typename Kernel, typename... Args>
cudaError_t launch_pdl(
    Kernel kernel,
    dim3 grid,
    dim3 block,
    size_t shared_bytes,
    Args... args
) {
    cudaLaunchConfig_t config = {};
    config.gridDim = grid;
    config.blockDim = block;
    config.dynamicSmemBytes = shared_bytes;
    cudaLaunchAttribute attribute;
    attribute.id = static_cast<cudaLaunchAttributeID>(6);
    *reinterpret_cast<int*>(&attribute.val) = 1;
    config.attrs = &attribute;
    config.numAttrs = 1;
    return cudaLaunchKernelEx(&config, kernel, args...);
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(128) void cholesky32_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int batch
) {
    constexpr int n = 32;
    __shared__ float factor[4][n][n + 1];

    const int warp = threadIdx.x >> 5;
    const int row = threadIdx.x & 31;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.x * 4 + warp;
    if (matrix_index >= batch) {
        return;
    }
    float (*tile)[n + 1] = factor[warp];
    const long long batch_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    const float* matrix = input + batch_offset;
    float* result = output + batch_offset;

    #pragma unroll
    for (int index = row; index < n * n; index += 32) {
        const int load_row = index >> 5;
        const int load_column = index & 31;
        tile[load_row][load_column] = matrix[index];
    }
    __syncwarp();

    const int trailing_column_lane = row & 7;
    const int trailing_row_lane = row >> 3;
    #pragma unroll
    for (int factor_panel = 0; factor_panel < n; factor_panel += 8) {
        #pragma unroll
        for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 8; ++panel_column) {
            const int column = factor_panel + panel_column;
            float diagonal_value = tile[column][column];
            #pragma unroll
            for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                const float value = tile[column][inner];
                diagonal_value = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal_value);
            }
            diagonal_value = sqrt_approx(diagonal_value);
            for (int factor_row = column + 1 + row;
                 factor_row < n;
                 factor_row += 32) {
                float value = tile[factor_row][column];
                #pragma unroll
                for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                    value = fmaf(
                        -tile[factor_row][inner],
                        tile[column][inner],
                        value
                    );
                }
                tile[factor_row][column] =
                    value * rcp_approx(diagonal_value);
            }
            if (row == 0) {
                tile[column][column] = diagonal_value;
            }
            __syncwarp();
        }

        for (int trailing_row = factor_panel + 8 + trailing_row_lane;
             trailing_row < n;
             trailing_row += 4) {
            for (int trailing_column =
                     factor_panel + 8 + trailing_column_lane;
                 trailing_column <= trailing_row;
                 trailing_column += 8) {
                float value = tile[trailing_row][trailing_column];
                #pragma unroll
                for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 8;
                     ++panel_column) {
                    value = fmaf(
                        -tile[trailing_row][factor_panel + panel_column],
                        tile[trailing_column][factor_panel + panel_column],
                        value
                    );
                }
                tile[trailing_row][trailing_column] = value;
            }
        }
        __syncwarp();
    }

    #pragma unroll
    for (int index = row; index < n * n; index += 32) {
        const int store_row = index >> 5;
        const int store_column = index & 31;
        result[index] = store_column <= store_row
            ? tile[store_row][store_column]
            : 0.0f;
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(64) void cholesky64_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int batch
) {
    constexpr int n = 64;
    __shared__ float factor[n][n + 1];

    const int row = threadIdx.x;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.x;
    const bool active = matrix_index < batch;
    float (*tile)[n + 1] = factor;
    const long long batch_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    const float* matrix = input + batch_offset;
    float* result = output + batch_offset;

    if (active) {
        for (int index = row; index < n * n; index += n) {
            const int load_row = index >> 6;
            const int load_column = index & 63;
            if (load_column <= load_row) {
                tile[load_row][load_column] = matrix[index];
            }
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    const int trailing_column_lane = row & 7;
    const int trailing_row_lane = row >> 3;
    for (int factor_panel = 0; factor_panel < n; factor_panel += 8) {
        for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 8; ++panel_column) {
            const int column = factor_panel + panel_column;
            float diagonal_value = 1.0f;
            if (active) {
                diagonal_value = tile[column][column];
                for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                    const float value = tile[column][inner];
                    diagonal_value = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal_value);
                }
                diagonal_value = sqrt_approx(diagonal_value);
                for (int factor_row = column + 1 + row;
                     factor_row < n;
                     factor_row += 64) {
                    float value = tile[factor_row][column];
                    for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                        value = fmaf(
                            -tile[factor_row][inner],
                            tile[column][inner],
                            value
                        );
                    }
                    tile[factor_row][column] =
                        value * rcp_approx(diagonal_value);
                }
                if (row == 0) {
                    tile[column][column] = diagonal_value;
                }
            }
            __syncthreads();
        }

        if (active) {
            for (int trailing_row = factor_panel + 8 + trailing_row_lane;
                 trailing_row < n;
                 trailing_row += 8) {
                for (int trailing_column =
                         factor_panel + 8 + trailing_column_lane;
                     trailing_column <= trailing_row;
                     trailing_column += 8) {
                    float value = tile[trailing_row][trailing_column];
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 8;
                         ++panel_column) {
                        value = fmaf(
                            -tile[trailing_row][
                                factor_panel + panel_column
                            ],
                            tile[trailing_column][
                                factor_panel + panel_column
                            ],
                            value
                        );
                    }
                    tile[trailing_row][trailing_column] = value;
                }
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    if (active) {
        for (int vector_index = row;
             vector_index < n * n / 4;
             vector_index += n) {
            const int store_row = vector_index >> 4;
            const int store_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
            const float4 output_values = make_float4(
                store_column <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_row][store_column] : 0.0f,
                store_column + 1 <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_row][store_column + 1] : 0.0f,
                store_column + 2 <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_row][store_column + 2] : 0.0f,
                store_column + 3 <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_row][store_column + 3] : 0.0f
            );
            *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
                result + store_row * n + store_column
            ) = output_values;
        }
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(128) void cholesky64_wmma_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output
) {
    constexpr int n = 64;
    constexpr int stride = 68;
    extern __shared__ float factor[];

    const int thread = threadIdx.x;
    const int warp = thread >> 5;
    const long long batch_offset = static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * n * n;
    const float* matrix = input + batch_offset;
    float* result = output + batch_offset;

    for (int index = thread; index < n * n; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = index >> 6;
        const int column = index & 63;
        if (column <= row) {
            factor[row * stride + column] = matrix[index];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int panel = 0; panel < n; panel += 16) {
        for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 16; ++panel_column) {
            const int column = panel + panel_column;
            float diagonal = factor[column * stride + column];
            for (int inner = panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                const float value = factor[column * stride + inner];
                diagonal = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal);
            }
            diagonal = sqrt_approx(diagonal);
            for (int row = column + 1 + thread;
                 row < n;
                 row += blockDim.x) {
                float value = factor[row * stride + column];
                for (int inner = panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                    value = fmaf(
                        -factor[row * stride + inner],
                        factor[column * stride + inner],
                        value
                    );
                }
                factor[row * stride + column] =
                    value * rcp_approx(diagonal);
            }
            if (thread == 0) {
                factor[column * stride + column] = diagonal;
            }
            __syncthreads();
        }

        int tile_index = 0;
        for (int tile_row = panel + 16; tile_row < n; tile_row += 16) {
            for (int tile_column = panel + 16;
                 tile_column <= tile_row;
                 tile_column += 16, ++tile_index) {
                if ((tile_index & 3) == warp) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::accumulator,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        float
                    > accumulated;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        accumulated,
                        factor + tile_row * stride + tile_column,
                        stride,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int panel_step = 0; panel_step < 16;
                         panel_step += 8) {
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                        > left;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                        > left_residual;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                        > right;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                        > right_residual;
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            left,
                            factor + tile_row * stride + panel + panel_step,
                            stride
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            right,
                            factor + tile_column * stride + panel + panel_step,
                            stride
                        );
                        #pragma unroll
                        for (int element = 0;
                             element < left.num_elements;
                             ++element) {
                            const float full = left.x[element];
                            const float high = __uint_as_float(
                                __float_as_uint(full) & 0xFFFFE000u
                            );
                            left.x[element] = -high;
                            left_residual.x[element] = -(full - high);
                        }
                        #pragma unroll
                        for (int element = 0;
                             element < right.num_elements;
                             ++element) {
                            const float full = right.x[element];
                            const float high = __uint_as_float(
                                __float_as_uint(full) & 0xFFFFE000u
                            );
                            right.x[element] = high;
                            right_residual.x[element] = full - high;
                        }
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left, right, accumulated
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left, right_residual, accumulated
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left_residual, right, accumulated
                        );
                    }
                    nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                        factor + tile_row * stride + tile_column,
                        accumulated,
                        stride,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    for (int index = thread; index < n * n; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = index >> 6;
        const int column = index & 63;
        result[index] = column <= row
            ? factor[row * stride + column]
            : 0.0f;
    }
}

// C560A_KERNEL_BEGIN
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256, 4)
void cholesky64_coalesced_wavefront_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output
) {
    constexpr int tile_size = 64;
    constexpr int warps_per_matrix = 8;
    constexpr int columns_per_warp = 8;
    static_assert(warps_per_matrix * columns_per_warp == tile_size);

    __shared__ float published_col[tile_size][tile_size + 1];
    __shared__ unsigned long long column_mbar[tile_size];

    const int thread = threadIdx.x;
    const int warp = thread >> 5;
    const int lane = thread & 31;
    const int owned_column_begin = warp * columns_per_warp;
    const long long matrix_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * tile_size * tile_size;
    const float* matrix = input + matrix_offset;
    float* result = output + matrix_offset;

    if (thread == 0) {
        for (int column = 0; column < tile_size; ++column) {
            c560a_mbar_init(column_mbar + column, 32);
        }
    }

    // Input phase: use the padded allocation as [row][column]. Consecutive
    // threads issue consecutive float4 loads; the next barrier exposes both
    // this tile and thread 0's mbarrier initialization.
    for (int vector_index = thread;
         vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
         vector_index += blockDim.x) {
        const int load_row = vector_index >> 4;
        const int load_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
        const float4 input_values = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
            matrix + load_row * tile_size + load_column
        );
        published_col[load_row][load_column] = input_values.x;
        published_col[load_row][load_column + 1] = input_values.y;
        published_col[load_row][load_column + 2] = input_values.z;
        published_col[load_row][load_column + 3] = input_values.w;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    {
        float columns[2][columns_per_warp];
        #pragma unroll
        for (int item = 0; item < 2; ++item) {
            const int load_row = lane + item * 32;
            #pragma unroll
            for (int local = 0; local < columns_per_warp; ++local) {
                columns[item][local] = published_col[
                    load_row
                ][owned_column_begin + local];
            }
        }
        // Every raw input value is now register-resident. No factor owner may
        // reinterpret/overwrite published_col as [column][row] before this.
        __syncthreads();

        // C560A_FACTOR_HOT_BEGIN
        for (int inner = 0; inner < owned_column_begin; ++inner) {
            c560a_mbar_wait(column_mbar + inner, 0);
            #pragma unroll
            for (int local = 0; local < columns_per_warp; ++local) {
                const int column = owned_column_begin + local;
                const float pivot_row_value =
                    published_col[inner][column];
                #pragma unroll
                for (int item = 0; item < 2; ++item) {
                    const int factor_row = lane + item * 32;
                    if (factor_row >= column) {
                        columns[item][local] = fmaf(
                            -published_col[inner][factor_row],
                            pivot_row_value,
                            columns[item][local]
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        #pragma unroll
        for (int local = 0; local < columns_per_warp; ++local) {
            const int column = owned_column_begin + local;
            const float diagonal_lane_value =
                warp < warps_per_matrix / 2
                ? columns[0][local]
                : columns[1][local];
            float diagonal_value = __shfl_sync(
                0xFFFFFFFFu,
                diagonal_lane_value,
                column & 31
            );
            diagonal_value = sqrt_approx(diagonal_value);
            const float inverse_diagonal = rcp_approx(diagonal_value);

            #pragma unroll
            for (int item = 0; item < 2; ++item) {
                const int factor_row = lane + item * 32;
                if (factor_row >= column) {
                    const float factor_value = factor_row == column
                        ? diagonal_value
                        : columns[item][local] * inverse_diagonal;
                    columns[item][local] = factor_value;
                    published_col[column][factor_row] = factor_value;
                }
            }
            c560a_mbar_arrive(column_mbar + column);

            #pragma unroll
            for (int trailing_local = local + 1;
                 trailing_local < columns_per_warp;
                 ++trailing_local) {
                const int trailing_column =
                    owned_column_begin + trailing_local;
                const float pivot_row_value =
                    published_col[column][trailing_column];
                #pragma unroll
                for (int item = 0; item < 2; ++item) {
                    const int factor_row = lane + item * 32;
                    if (factor_row >= trailing_column) {
                        columns[item][trailing_local] = fmaf(
                            -published_col[column][factor_row],
                            pivot_row_value,
                            columns[item][trailing_local]
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // C560A_FACTOR_HOT_END
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int vector_index = thread;
         vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
         vector_index += blockDim.x) {
        const int store_row = vector_index >> 4;
        const int store_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
        const float4 output_values = make_float4(
            store_column <= store_row
                ? published_col[store_column][store_row] : 0.0f,
            store_column + 1 <= store_row
                ? published_col[store_column + 1][store_row] : 0.0f,
            store_column + 2 <= store_row
                ? published_col[store_column + 2][store_row] : 0.0f,
            store_column + 3 <= store_row
                ? published_col[store_column + 3][store_row] : 0.0f
        );
        *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
            result + store_row * tile_size + store_column
        ) = output_values;
    }
}
// C560A_KERNEL_END

__global__ __launch_bounds__(64) void cholesky64_diagonal_kernel(
    float* __restrict__ matrices,
    const float* __restrict__ input_matrices,
    float* __restrict__ inverse_matrices,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int offset
) {
    constexpr int tile_size = 64;
    __shared__ float factor[tile_size][tile_size + 4];
    __shared__ float diagonal[tile_size];
    __shared__ float inverse_product[32][36];
    __shared__ bool exact_inverse_fallback;

    const int row = threadIdx.x & 63;
    const int group_warp = row >> 5;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.x;
    const bool active = matrix_index < batch;
    float (*tile)[tile_size + 4] = factor;
    const long long matrix_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    float* matrix = matrices + matrix_offset;
    const float* factor_source =
        input_matrices != nullptr && (
            offset == 0 || (n == 512 && batch == 640)
        )
            ? input_matrices + matrix_offset
            : matrix;

    cudaGridDependencySynchronize();

    if (active) {
        for (int vector_index = row;
             vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
             vector_index += tile_size) {
            const int load_row = vector_index >> 4;
            const int load_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
            const float4 input_values = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
                factor_source +
                (offset + load_row) * n + offset + load_column
            );
            tile[load_row][load_column] = input_values.x;
            tile[load_row][load_column + 1] = input_values.y;
            tile[load_row][load_column + 2] = input_values.z;
            tile[load_row][load_column + 3] = input_values.w;
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int factor_panel = 0; factor_panel < tile_size;
         factor_panel += 16) {
        for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 16; ++panel_column) {
            const int column = factor_panel + panel_column;
            float diagonal_value = tile[column][column];
            for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                const float value = tile[column][inner];
                diagonal_value = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal_value);
            }
            diagonal_value = sqrt_approx(diagonal_value);
            if (active) {
                for (int factor_row = column + 1 + row;
                     factor_row < tile_size;
                     factor_row += 64) {
                    float value = tile[factor_row][column];
                    for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                        value = fmaf(
                            -tile[factor_row][inner],
                            tile[column][inner],
                            value
                        );
                    }
                    tile[factor_row][column] =
                        value * rcp_approx(diagonal_value);
                }
                if (row == 0) {
                    tile[column][column] = diagonal_value;
                }
            }
            __syncthreads();
        }

        int tile_index = 0;
        for (int tile_row = factor_panel + 16;
             tile_row < tile_size;
             tile_row += 16) {
            for (int tile_column = factor_panel + 16;
                 tile_column <= tile_row;
                 tile_column += 16, ++tile_index) {
                if (active && (tile_index & 1) == group_warp) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::accumulator,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        float
                    > accumulated;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        accumulated,
                        &tile[tile_row][tile_column],
                        tile_size + 4,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int panel_step = 0; panel_step < 16;
                         panel_step += 8) {
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                        > left;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                        > right;
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            left,
                            &tile[tile_row][factor_panel + panel_step],
                            tile_size + 4
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            right,
                            &tile[tile_column][factor_panel + panel_step],
                            tile_size + 4
                        );
                        #pragma unroll
                        for (int element = 0;
                             element < left.num_elements;
                             ++element) {
                            left.x[element] = -left.x[element];
                        }
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left, right, accumulated
                        );
                    }
                    nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                        &tile[tile_row][tile_column],
                        accumulated,
                        tile_size + 4,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    if (active) {
        diagonal[row] = tile[row][row];
        tile[row][tile_size] = rcp_approx(diagonal[row]);
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (active && row == 0) {
        float minimum_diagonal = diagonal[0];
        float maximum_diagonal = diagonal[0];
        for (int index = 1; index < tile_size; ++index) {
            minimum_diagonal = fminf(
                minimum_diagonal, diagonal[index]
            );
            maximum_diagonal = fmaxf(
                maximum_diagonal, diagonal[index]
            );
        }
        exact_inverse_fallback =
            minimum_diagonal < 0.5f * maximum_diagonal;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (active) {
        for (int vector_index = row;
             vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
             vector_index += tile_size) {
            const int store_row = vector_index >> 4;
            const int store_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
            const float4 factor_values = make_float4(
                store_column <= store_row
                    ? (store_column == store_row
                        ? diagonal[store_row]
                        : tile[store_row][store_column]) : 0.0f,
                store_column + 1 <= store_row
                    ? (store_column + 1 == store_row
                        ? diagonal[store_row]
                        : tile[store_row][store_column + 1]) : 0.0f,
                store_column + 2 <= store_row
                    ? (store_column + 2 == store_row
                        ? diagonal[store_row]
                        : tile[store_row][store_column + 2]) : 0.0f,
                store_column + 3 <= store_row
                    ? (store_column + 3 == store_row
                        ? diagonal[store_row]
                        : tile[store_row][store_column + 3]) : 0.0f
            );
            *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
                matrix + (offset + store_row) * n + offset + store_column
            ) = factor_values;
        }
    }

    const int inverse_column = row;
    const int inverse_end = inverse_column < 32 ? 32 : tile_size;
    if (active) {
        for (int inverse_row = inverse_column;
             inverse_row < inverse_end;
             ++inverse_row) {
            float value = inverse_column == inverse_row ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
            for (int inner = inverse_column; inner < inverse_row; ++inner) {
                value = fmaf(
                    -tile[inverse_row][inner],
                    tile[inverse_column][inner],
                    value
                );
            }
            tile[inverse_column][inverse_row] =
                value * tile[inverse_row][tile_size];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (active) {
        for (int index = row; index < 2 * 32 * 32; index += 64) {
            const int half = index >> 10;
            const int local = index & 1023;
            const int inverse_row = local >> 5;
            const int inverse_column_to_zero = local & 31;
            if (inverse_column_to_zero < inverse_row) {
                tile[half * 32 + inverse_row]
                    [half * 32 + inverse_column_to_zero] = 0.0f;
            }
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    int inverse_tile_index = 0;
    for (int tile_row = 0; tile_row < 32; tile_row += 16) {
        for (int tile_column = 0; tile_column < 32;
             tile_column += 16, ++inverse_tile_index) {
            if (active && (inverse_tile_index & 1) == group_warp) {
                nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                    nvcuda::wmma::accumulator, 16, 16, 8, float
                > product;
                nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(product, 0.0f);
                #pragma unroll
                for (int inner = 0; inner < 32; inner += 8) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                    > inverse_diagonal;
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                    > lower_left;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        &tile[32 + inner][32 + tile_row],
                        tile_size + 4
                    );
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        lower_left,
                        &tile[32 + inner][tile_column],
                        tile_size + 4
                    );
                    nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                        product,
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        lower_left,
                        product
                    );
                }
                nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                    &inverse_product[tile_row][tile_column],
                    product,
                    36,
                    nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                );
            }
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    inverse_tile_index = 0;
    for (int tile_row = 0; tile_row < 32; tile_row += 16) {
        for (int tile_column = 0; tile_column < 32;
             tile_column += 16, ++inverse_tile_index) {
            if (active && (inverse_tile_index & 1) == group_warp) {
                nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                    nvcuda::wmma::accumulator, 16, 16, 8, float
                > inverse_off_diagonal;
                nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(inverse_off_diagonal, 0.0f);
                #pragma unroll
                for (int inner = 0; inner < 32; inner += 8) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                    > product;
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                    > inverse_diagonal;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        product,
                        &inverse_product[tile_row][inner],
                        36
                    );
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        &tile[tile_column][inner],
                        tile_size + 4
                    );
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int element = 0;
                         element < product.num_elements;
                         ++element) {
                        product.x[element] = -product.x[element];
                    }
                    nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                        inverse_off_diagonal,
                        product,
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        inverse_off_diagonal
                    );
                }
                nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                    &tile[tile_column][32 + tile_row],
                    inverse_off_diagonal,
                    tile_size + 4,
                    nvcuda::wmma::mem_col_major
                );
            }
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (active && exact_inverse_fallback) {
        for (int vector_index = row;
             vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
             vector_index += tile_size) {
            const int load_row = vector_index >> 4;
            const int load_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
            const float4 factor_values = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
                matrix + (offset + load_row) * n + offset + load_column
            );
            tile[load_row][load_column] = factor_values.x;
            tile[load_row][load_column + 1] = factor_values.y;
            tile[load_row][load_column + 2] = factor_values.z;
            tile[load_row][load_column + 3] = factor_values.w;
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (active && exact_inverse_fallback) {
        for (int inverse_row = inverse_column;
             inverse_row < tile_size;
             ++inverse_row) {
            float value = inverse_column == inverse_row ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
            for (int inner = inverse_column; inner < inverse_row; ++inner) {
                value = fmaf(
                    -tile[inverse_row][inner],
                    tile[inverse_column][inner],
                    value
                );
            }
            tile[inverse_column][inverse_row] =
                value * tile[inverse_row][tile_size];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (active) {
        for (int vector_index = row;
             vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
             vector_index += tile_size) {
            const int store_row = vector_index >> 4;
            const int store_column = (vector_index & 15) * 4;
            const float4 inverse_values = make_float4(
                store_column <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_column][store_row] : 0.0f,
                store_column + 1 <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_column + 1][store_row] : 0.0f,
                store_column + 2 <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_column + 2][store_row] : 0.0f,
                store_column + 3 <= store_row
                    ? tile[store_column + 3][store_row] : 0.0f
            );
            *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
                inverse_matrices +
                static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * tile_size * tile_size +
                store_row * tile_size + store_column
            ) = inverse_values;
        }
    }
}

// C563_BLOCK_JACOBI_TAIL_BEGIN
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void prepare_tail_block_diagonal(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_size
) {
    const long long vector_index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long vectors =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size / 4;
    if (vector_index >= vectors) {
        return;
    }
    const int local_row = vector_index / (tail_size / 4);
    const int local_column = (vector_index % (tail_size / 4)) * 4;
    const bool same_diagonal_block =
        (local_row >> 7) == (local_column >> 7);
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_start + local_row) * n +
        tail_start + local_column;
    const float4 values = same_diagonal_block
        ? *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input + index)
        : make_float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output + index) = values;
}
// C563_BLOCK_JACOBI_TAIL_END

// C598_TAIL_KERNELS_BEGIN
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void prepare_c598_tail_full(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_size
) {
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long elements =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size;
    if (index >= elements) {
        return;
    }
    const int row = index / tail_size;
    const int column = index - static_cast<long long>(row) * tail_size;
    const long long matrix_index =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_start + row) * n + tail_start + column;
    output[matrix_index] = input[matrix_index];
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void restore_c598_original_diagonal(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_blocks
) {
    constexpr int block = 128;
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int elements = tail_blocks * block * block;
    if (index >= elements) {
        return;
    }
    const int block_index = index / (block * block);
    const int local = index - block_index * block * block;
    const int row = local / block;
    const int column = local - row * block;
    const int offset = tail_start + block_index * block;
    const long long matrix_index =
        static_cast<long long>(offset + row) * n + offset + column;
    output[matrix_index] = input[matrix_index];
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void pack_c598_tail_factor_half(
    const float* __restrict__ factor,
    __half* __restrict__ staged_factor,
    float* __restrict__ diagonal_storage,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_size
) {
    constexpr int block = 128;
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long elements =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size;
    if (index >= elements) {
        return;
    }
    const int row = index / tail_size;
    const int column = index - static_cast<long long>(row) * tail_size;
    const long long matrix_index =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_start + row) * n + tail_start + column;
    const float value = column <= row ? factor[matrix_index] : 0.0f;
    staged_factor[matrix_index] = __float2half_rn(value);

    const int block_row = row / block;
    const int block_column = column / block;
    if (block_row == block_column) {
        const int local_row = row - block_row * block;
        const int local_column = column - block_column * block;
        diagonal_storage[
            static_cast<long long>(block_row) * block * block +
            local_row * block + local_column
        ] = local_column <= local_row ? value : 0.0f;
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void mirror_c598_tail_schur_lower(
    float* matrices,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_size
) {
    constexpr int block = 128;
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long elements =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size;
    if (index >= elements) {
        return;
    }
    const int row = index / tail_size;
    const int column = index - static_cast<long long>(row) * tail_size;
    if (row / block > column / block) {
        matrices[
            static_cast<long long>(tail_start + row) * n +
            tail_start + column
        ] = matrices[
            static_cast<long long>(tail_start + column) * n +
            tail_start + row
        ];
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void restore_c598_factor_diagonal(
    const float* __restrict__ diagonal_storage,
    float* __restrict__ factor,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_blocks
) {
    constexpr int block = 128;
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int elements = tail_blocks * block * block;
    if (index >= elements) {
        return;
    }
    const int block_index = index / (block * block);
    const int local = index - block_index * block * block;
    const int row = local / block;
    const int column = local - row * block;
    const int offset = tail_start + block_index * block;
    factor[static_cast<long long>(offset + row) * n + offset + column] =
        diagonal_storage[index];
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void add_c598_staged_first_factor(
    const __half* __restrict__ staged_factor,
    float* __restrict__ correction,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_size
) {
    constexpr int block = 128;
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long elements =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size;
    if (index >= elements) {
        return;
    }
    const int row = index / tail_size;
    const int column = index - static_cast<long long>(row) * tail_size;
    if (row / block > column / block) {
        const long long matrix_index =
            static_cast<long long>(tail_start + row) * n +
            tail_start + column;
        correction[matrix_index] += __half2float(staged_factor[matrix_index]);
    }
}
// C598_TAIL_KERNELS_END

// C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_BEGIN
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void prepare_tail_block_band(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tail_size
) {
    const long long vector_index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long vectors =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size / 4;
    if (vector_index >= vectors) {
        return;
    }
    const int local_row = vector_index / (tail_size / 4);
    const int local_column = (vector_index % (tail_size / 4)) * 4;
    const int block_row = local_row >> 7;
    const int block_column = local_column >> 7;
    const bool in_lower_block_band =
        block_row == block_column || block_row == block_column + 1;
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(tail_start + local_row) * n +
        tail_start + local_column;
    const float4 values = in_lower_block_band
        ? *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(input + index)
        : make_float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(output + index) = values;
}
// C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_END

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void cholesky128_diagonal_kernel(
    float* __restrict__ matrices,
    const float* __restrict__ input_matrices,
    float* __restrict__ inverse_matrices,
    int n,
    int offset
) {
    constexpr int tile_size = 128;
    constexpr int stride = 132;
    extern __shared__ float factor[];
    __shared__ bool exact_inverse128_fallback;

    const int thread = threadIdx.x;
    const int warp = thread >> 5;
    // C550_FUSED_INVERSE_GUARD_BEGIN
    const bool c550_fused_final_inverse =
        n == 512 && gridDim.x == 16 && offset == 256;
    const bool fused_inverse128 =
        inverse_matrices != nullptr && (
            (n == 1024 && gridDim.x == 60) ||
            (n == 2048 && gridDim.x == 8) ||
            c550_fused_final_inverse
        );
    // C550_FUSED_INVERSE_GUARD_END
    // C563_BLOCK_JACOBI_TAIL_BEGIN
    const bool c563_parallel_tail_grid =
        n == 32768 && gridDim.x == 32 && offset == 28672 &&
        input_matrices == nullptr && inverse_matrices == nullptr;
    // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_BEGIN
    const bool c565_parallel_tail_grid =
        input_matrices == nullptr && inverse_matrices == nullptr &&
        n == 16384 && gridDim.x == 10 && offset == 15104;
    // C598_PARALLEL_TAIL_GUARD_BEGIN
    const bool c598_parallel_tail_grid =
        input_matrices == nullptr && inverse_matrices == nullptr &&
        n == 16384 && gridDim.x == 22 && offset == 13568;
    // C614_PARALLEL_TAIL_GUARD_BEGIN
    const bool c614_parallel_tail_grid =
        input_matrices == nullptr && inverse_matrices == nullptr &&
        n == 32768 && gridDim.x == 80 && offset == 22528;
    // C614_PARALLEL_TAIL_GUARD_END
    const bool parallel_tail_grid =
        c563_parallel_tail_grid || c565_parallel_tail_grid ||
        c598_parallel_tail_grid || c614_parallel_tail_grid;
    // C598_PARALLEL_TAIL_GUARD_END
    // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_END
    const int factor_offset = parallel_tail_grid
        ? offset + static_cast<int>(blockIdx.x) * tile_size
        : offset;
    float* matrix = matrices + (
        parallel_tail_grid
            ? 0
            : static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * n * n
    );
    // C563_BLOCK_JACOBI_TAIL_END
    const float* factor_source =
        input_matrices != nullptr && factor_offset == 0
            ? input_matrices + static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * n * n
            : matrix;
    float* inverse_matrix = inverse_matrices == nullptr
        ? nullptr
        : inverse_matrices +
            static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * tile_size * tile_size;

    cudaGridDependencySynchronize();

    for (int vector_index = thread;
         vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
         vector_index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = vector_index >> 5;
        const int column = (vector_index & 31) * 4;
        const float4 values = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
            factor_source +
                (factor_offset + row) * n + factor_offset + column
        );
        factor[row * stride + column] = values.x;
        factor[row * stride + column + 1] = values.y;
        factor[row * stride + column + 2] = values.z;
        factor[row * stride + column + 3] = values.w;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int factor_panel = 0; factor_panel < tile_size;
         factor_panel += 16) {
        for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 16; ++panel_column) {
            const int column = factor_panel + panel_column;
            float diagonal = factor[column * stride + column];
            for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                const float value = factor[column * stride + inner];
                diagonal = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal);
            }
            diagonal = sqrt_approx(diagonal);
            for (int row = column + 1 + thread;
                 row < tile_size;
                 row += blockDim.x) {
                float value = factor[row * stride + column];
                for (int inner = factor_panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                    value = fmaf(
                        -factor[row * stride + inner],
                        factor[column * stride + inner],
                        value
                    );
                }
                factor[row * stride + column] =
                    value * rcp_approx(diagonal);
            }
            if (thread == 0) {
                factor[column * stride + column] = diagonal;
            }
            __syncthreads();
        }

        int tile_index = 0;
        for (int tile_row = factor_panel + 16;
             tile_row < tile_size;
             tile_row += 16) {
            for (int tile_column = factor_panel + 16;
                 tile_column <= tile_row;
                 tile_column += 16, ++tile_index) {
                if ((tile_index & 7) == warp) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::accumulator,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        float
                    > accumulated;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        accumulated,
                        factor + tile_row * stride + tile_column,
                        stride,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int panel_step = 0; panel_step < 16;
                         panel_step += 8) {
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                        > left;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                        > right;
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            left,
                            factor + tile_row * stride +
                                factor_panel + panel_step,
                            stride
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            right,
                            factor + tile_column * stride +
                                factor_panel + panel_step,
                            stride
                        );
                        #pragma unroll
                        for (int element = 0;
                             element < left.num_elements;
                             ++element) {
                            left.x[element] = -left.x[element];
                        }
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left, right, accumulated
                        );
                    }
                    nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                        factor + tile_row * stride + tile_column,
                        accumulated,
                        stride,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    for (int vector_index = thread;
         vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
         vector_index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = vector_index >> 5;
        const int column = (vector_index & 31) * 4;
        if (column + 3 <= row) {
            const float4 output_values = make_float4(
                factor[row * stride + column],
                factor[row * stride + column + 1],
                factor[row * stride + column + 2],
                factor[row * stride + column + 3]
            );
            *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
                matrix +
                    (factor_offset + row) * n + factor_offset + column
            ) = output_values;
        } else {
            #pragma unroll
            for (int lane = 0; lane < 4; ++lane) {
                if (column + lane <= row) {
                    matrix[(factor_offset + row) * n +
                           factor_offset + column + lane] =
                        factor[row * stride + column + lane];
                }
            }
        }
        if (inverse_matrices != nullptr && !fused_inverse128) {
            const float4 identity_values = make_float4(
                row == column ? 1.0f : 0.0f,
                row == column + 1 ? 1.0f : 0.0f,
                row == column + 2 ? 1.0f : 0.0f,
                row == column + 3 ? 1.0f : 0.0f
            );
            *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
                inverse_matrix + row * tile_size + column
            ) = identity_values;
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (!fused_inverse128) {
        return;
    }

    if (thread < tile_size) {
        factor[thread * stride + tile_size] =
            rcp_approx(factor[thread * stride + thread]);
    }
    if (thread == 0) {
        float minimum_diagonal = factor[0];
        float maximum_diagonal = factor[0];
        for (int index = 1; index < tile_size; ++index) {
            const float value = factor[index * stride + index];
            minimum_diagonal = fminf(minimum_diagonal, value);
            maximum_diagonal = fmaxf(maximum_diagonal, value);
        }
        // C550D_GUARD055_BEGIN
        const float guard_ratio = c550_fused_final_inverse
            ? 0.55f
            : (n == 2048 ? 0.75f : 0.5f);
        // C550D_GUARD055_END
        exact_inverse128_fallback =
            minimum_diagonal < guard_ratio * maximum_diagonal;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    const int inverse_column = thread;
    if (inverse_column < tile_size) {
        const int inverse_end =
            inverse_column < 64 ? 64 : tile_size;
        for (int inverse_row = inverse_column;
             inverse_row < inverse_end;
             ++inverse_row) {
            float value = inverse_column == inverse_row ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
            for (int inner = inverse_column; inner < inverse_row; ++inner) {
                value = fmaf(
                    -factor[inverse_row * stride + inner],
                    factor[inverse_column * stride + inner],
                    value
                );
            }
            factor[inverse_column * stride + inverse_row] =
                value * factor[inverse_row * stride + tile_size];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int index = thread; index < 2 * 64 * 64;
         index += blockDim.x) {
        const int half = index >> 12;
        const int local = index & 4095;
        const int inverse_row = local >> 6;
        const int inverse_column_to_zero = local & 63;
        if (inverse_column_to_zero < inverse_row) {
            factor[(half * 64 + inverse_row) * stride +
                   half * 64 + inverse_column_to_zero] = 0.0f;
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    int inverse_tile_index = 0;
    for (int tile_row = 0; tile_row < 64; tile_row += 16) {
        for (int tile_column = 0; tile_column < 64;
             tile_column += 16, ++inverse_tile_index) {
            if ((inverse_tile_index & 7) == warp) {
                nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                    nvcuda::wmma::accumulator, 16, 16, 8, float
                > inverse128_product;
                nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(inverse128_product, 0.0f);
                #pragma unroll
                for (int inner = 0; inner < 64; inner += 8) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                    > inverse_diagonal;
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                    > lower_left;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        factor + (64 + inner) * stride + 64 + tile_row,
                        stride
                    );
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        lower_left,
                        factor + (64 + inner) * stride + tile_column,
                        stride
                    );
                    nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                        inverse128_product,
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        lower_left,
                        inverse128_product
                    );
                }
                nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                    inverse_matrix + tile_row * tile_size + tile_column,
                    inverse128_product,
                    tile_size,
                    nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                );
            }
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    inverse_tile_index = 0;
    for (int tile_row = 0; tile_row < 64; tile_row += 16) {
        for (int tile_column = 0; tile_column < 64;
             tile_column += 16, ++inverse_tile_index) {
            if ((inverse_tile_index & 7) == warp) {
                nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                    nvcuda::wmma::accumulator, 16, 16, 8, float
                > inverse_off_diagonal;
                nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(inverse_off_diagonal, 0.0f);
                #pragma unroll
                for (int inner = 0; inner < 64; inner += 8) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                    > product;
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                        nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                    > inverse_diagonal;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        product,
                        inverse_matrix + tile_row * tile_size + inner,
                        tile_size
                    );
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        factor + tile_column * stride + inner,
                        stride
                    );
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int element = 0;
                         element < product.num_elements;
                         ++element) {
                        product.x[element] = -product.x[element];
                    }
                    nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                        inverse_off_diagonal,
                        product,
                        inverse_diagonal,
                        inverse_off_diagonal
                    );
                }
                nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                    factor + tile_column * stride + 64 + tile_row,
                    inverse_off_diagonal,
                    stride,
                    nvcuda::wmma::mem_col_major
                );
            }
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (exact_inverse128_fallback) {
        for (int vector_index = thread;
             vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
             vector_index += blockDim.x) {
            const int row = vector_index >> 5;
            const int column = (vector_index & 31) * 4;
            const float4 values = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
                matrix +
                    (factor_offset + row) * n + factor_offset + column
            );
            factor[row * stride + column] = values.x;
            factor[row * stride + column + 1] = values.y;
            factor[row * stride + column + 2] = values.z;
            factor[row * stride + column + 3] = values.w;
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (exact_inverse128_fallback && inverse_column < tile_size) {
        for (int inverse_row = inverse_column;
             inverse_row < tile_size;
             ++inverse_row) {
            float value = inverse_column == inverse_row ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
            for (int inner = inverse_column; inner < inverse_row; ++inner) {
                value = fmaf(
                    -factor[inverse_row * stride + inner],
                    factor[inverse_column * stride + inner],
                    value
                );
            }
            factor[inverse_column * stride + inverse_row] =
                value * factor[inverse_row * stride + tile_size];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int vector_index = thread;
         vector_index < tile_size * tile_size / 4;
         vector_index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = vector_index >> 5;
        const int column = (vector_index & 31) * 4;
        const float4 inverse_values = make_float4(
            column <= row ? factor[column * stride + row] : 0.0f,
            column + 1 <= row
                ? factor[(column + 1) * stride + row] : 0.0f,
            column + 2 <= row
                ? factor[(column + 2) * stride + row] : 0.0f,
            column + 3 <= row
                ? factor[(column + 3) * stride + row] : 0.0f
        );
        *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
            inverse_matrix + row * tile_size + column
        ) = inverse_values;
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(64) void invert128_diagonal_halves_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ matrices,
    float* __restrict__ inverse_matrices,
    int n,
    int offset
) {
    constexpr int half_size = 64;
    constexpr int stride = 68;
    __shared__ float factor[half_size][stride];

    const int column = threadIdx.x;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.x;
    const int half_offset = blockIdx.y * half_size;
    const float* matrix = matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    float* inverse = inverse_matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * 128 * 128;

    for (int row = column; row < half_size; ++row) {
        factor[row][column] = matrix[
            (offset + half_offset + row) * n +
            offset + half_offset + column
        ];
    }
    factor[column][half_size] = rcp_approx(matrix[
        (offset + half_offset + column) * n +
        offset + half_offset + column
    ]);
    __syncthreads();

    for (int inverse_row = column;
         inverse_row < half_size;
         ++inverse_row) {
        float value = column == inverse_row ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
        for (int inner = column; inner < inverse_row; ++inner) {
            value = fmaf(
                -factor[inverse_row][inner],
                factor[column][inner],
                value
            );
        }
        factor[column][inverse_row] =
            value * factor[inverse_row][half_size];
    }

    for (int row = 0; row < half_size; ++row) {
        inverse[(half_offset + row) * 128 + half_offset + column] =
            column <= row ? factor[column][row] : 0.0f;
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(32) void inverse128_offdiagonal_stage1_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ matrices,
    float* __restrict__ inverse_matrices,
    int n,
    int offset
) {
    const int tile_row = (blockIdx.x >> 2) * 16;
    const int tile_column = (blockIdx.x & 3) * 16;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.y;
    const float* matrix = matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    float* inverse = inverse_matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * 128 * 128;

    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
        nvcuda::wmma::accumulator, 16, 16, 8, float
    > product;
    nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(product, 0.0f);
    #pragma unroll
    for (int inner = 0; inner < 64; inner += 8) {
        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
            16, 16, 8,
            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
        > inverse_lower;
        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
            16, 16, 8,
            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
        > lower_left;
        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
            inverse_lower,
            inverse + (64 + tile_row) * 128 + 64 + inner,
            128
        );
        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
            lower_left,
            matrix + (offset + 64 + inner) * n +
                offset + tile_column,
            n
        );
        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
            product, inverse_lower, lower_left, product
        );
    }
    nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
        inverse + tile_row * 128 + 64 + tile_column,
        product,
        128,
        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
    );
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(32) void inverse128_offdiagonal_stage2_kernel(
    float* __restrict__ inverse_matrices
) {
    const int tile_row = (blockIdx.x >> 2) * 16;
    const int tile_column = (blockIdx.x & 3) * 16;
    float* inverse = inverse_matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.y) * 128 * 128;

    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
        nvcuda::wmma::accumulator, 16, 16, 8, float
    > product;
    nvcuda::wmma::fill_fragment(product, 0.0f);
    #pragma unroll
    for (int inner = 0; inner < 64; inner += 8) {
        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
            16, 16, 8,
            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
        > left;
        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
            16, 16, 8,
            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
        > right;
        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
            left,
            inverse + tile_row * 128 + 64 + inner,
            128
        );
        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
            right,
            inverse + inner * 128 + tile_column,
            128
        );
        #pragma unroll
        for (int element = 0; element < left.num_elements; ++element) {
            left.x[element] = -left.x[element];
        }
        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(product, left, right, product);
    }
    nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
        inverse + (64 + tile_row) * 128 + tile_column,
        product,
        128,
        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
    );
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(128) void inverse128_exact_fallback_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ matrices,
    float* __restrict__ inverse_matrices,
    int n,
    int offset
) {
    constexpr int tile_size = 128;
    constexpr int stride = 129;
    extern __shared__ float factor[];
    __shared__ bool use_exact;

    const int column = threadIdx.x;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.x;
    const float* matrix = matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    float* inverse = inverse_matrices +
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * tile_size * tile_size;

    if (column == 0) {
        float minimum_diagonal = matrix[offset * n + offset];
        float maximum_diagonal = minimum_diagonal;
        for (int index = 1; index < tile_size; ++index) {
            const float value = matrix[
                (offset + index) * n + offset + index
            ];
            minimum_diagonal = fminf(minimum_diagonal, value);
            maximum_diagonal = fmaxf(maximum_diagonal, value);
        }
        const float guard_ratio = n == 2048 ? 0.75f : 0.5f;
        use_exact = minimum_diagonal < guard_ratio * maximum_diagonal;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    if (!use_exact) {
        for (int index = column; index < 64 * 64;
             index += blockDim.x) {
            const int row = index >> 6;
            const int local_column = index & 63;
            inverse[row * tile_size + 64 + local_column] = 0.0f;
        }
        return;
    }

    for (int row = column; row < tile_size; ++row) {
        factor[row * stride + column] =
            matrix[(offset + row) * n + offset + column];
    }
    factor[column * stride + tile_size] = rcp_approx(
        matrix[(offset + column) * n + offset + column]
    );
    __syncthreads();

    for (int inverse_row = column;
         inverse_row < tile_size;
         ++inverse_row) {
        float value = column == inverse_row ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
        for (int inner = column; inner < inverse_row; ++inner) {
            value = fmaf(
                -factor[inverse_row * stride + inner],
                factor[column * stride + inner],
                value
            );
        }
        factor[column * stride + inverse_row] =
            value * factor[inverse_row * stride + tile_size];
    }

    for (int index = column; index < tile_size * tile_size;
         index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = index >> 7;
        const int local_column = index & 127;
        inverse[index] = local_column <= row
            ? factor[local_column * stride + row]
            : 0.0f;
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void cholesky128_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output
) {
    constexpr int n = 128;
    constexpr int stride = n + 1;
    extern __shared__ float factor[];

    const int thread = threadIdx.x;
    const int tile_column = thread & 15;
    const int tile_row = thread >> 4;
    const long long batch_offset = static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * n * n;
    const float* matrix = input + batch_offset;
    float* result = output + batch_offset;

    for (int index = threadIdx.x; index < n * n; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int load_row = index >> 7;
        const int load_column = index & 127;
        if (load_column <= load_row) {
            factor[load_row * stride + load_column] = matrix[index];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int panel = 0; panel < n; panel += 8) {
        for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 8; ++panel_column) {
            const int column = panel + panel_column;
            float diagonal = factor[column * stride + column];
            for (int inner = panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                const float value = factor[column * stride + inner];
                diagonal = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal);
            }
            diagonal = sqrt_approx(diagonal);
            for (int row = column + 1 + thread;
                 row < n;
                 row += blockDim.x) {
                float value = factor[row * stride + column];
                for (int inner = panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                    value = fmaf(
                        -factor[row * stride + inner],
                        factor[column * stride + inner],
                        value
                    );
                }
                factor[row * stride + column] =
                    value * rcp_approx(diagonal);
            }
            if (thread == 0) {
                factor[column * stride + column] = diagonal;
            }
            __syncthreads();
        }

        for (int trailing_row = panel + 8 + tile_row;
             trailing_row < n;
             trailing_row += 16) {
            for (int trailing_column = panel + 8 + tile_column;
                 trailing_column <= trailing_row;
                 trailing_column += 16) {
                float value = factor[
                    trailing_row * stride + trailing_column
                ];
                #pragma unroll
                for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 8;
                     ++panel_column) {
                    value = fmaf(
                        -factor[
                            trailing_row * stride + panel + panel_column
                        ],
                        factor[
                            trailing_column * stride + panel + panel_column
                        ],
                        value
                    );
                }
                factor[trailing_row * stride + trailing_column] = value;
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    for (int index = threadIdx.x; index < n * n; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int store_row = index >> 7;
        const int store_column = index & 127;
        result[index] = store_column <= store_row
            ? factor[store_row * stride + store_column]
            : 0.0f;
    }
}

__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void cholesky128_wmma_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output
) {
    constexpr int n = 128;
    constexpr int stride = 132;
    extern __shared__ float factor[];

    const int thread = threadIdx.x;
    const int warp = thread >> 5;
    const long long batch_offset = static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * n * n;
    const float* matrix = input + batch_offset;
    float* result = output + batch_offset;

    for (int index = thread; index < n * n; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = index >> 7;
        const int column = index & 127;
        if (column <= row) {
            factor[row * stride + column] = matrix[index];
        }
    }
    __syncthreads();

    for (int panel = 0; panel < n; panel += 16) {
        if (thread < n) {
            for (int panel_column = 0; panel_column < 16; ++panel_column) {
                const int column = panel + panel_column;
                float diagonal = factor[column * stride + column];
                for (int inner = panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                    const float value = factor[column * stride + inner];
                    diagonal = fmaf(-value, value, diagonal);
                }
                diagonal = sqrt_approx(diagonal);
                for (int row = column + 1 + thread;
                     row < n;
                     row += n) {
                    float value = factor[row * stride + column];
                    for (int inner = panel; inner < column; ++inner) {
                        value = fmaf(
                            -factor[row * stride + inner],
                            factor[column * stride + inner],
                            value
                        );
                    }
                    factor[row * stride + column] =
                        value * rcp_approx(diagonal);
                }
                if (thread == 0) {
                    factor[column * stride + column] = diagonal;
                }
                panel_barrier128();
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();

        int tile_index = 0;
        for (int tile_row = panel + 16; tile_row < n; tile_row += 16) {
            for (int tile_column = panel + 16;
                 tile_column <= tile_row;
                 tile_column += 16, ++tile_index) {
                if ((tile_index & 7) == warp) {
                    nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                        nvcuda::wmma::accumulator,
                        16, 16, 8,
                        float
                    > accumulated;
                    nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                        accumulated,
                        factor + tile_row * stride + tile_column,
                        stride,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                    #pragma unroll
                    for (int panel_step = 0; panel_step < 16;
                         panel_step += 8) {
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                        > left;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_a,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::row_major
                        > left_residual;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                        > right;
                        nvcuda::wmma::fragment<
                            nvcuda::wmma::matrix_b,
                            16, 16, 8,
                            nvcuda::wmma::precision::tf32,
                            nvcuda::wmma::col_major
                        > right_residual;
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            left,
                            factor + tile_row * stride + panel + panel_step,
                            stride
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::load_matrix_sync(
                            right,
                            factor + tile_column * stride + panel + panel_step,
                            stride
                        );
                        #pragma unroll
                        for (int element = 0;
                             element < left.num_elements;
                             ++element) {
                            const float full = left.x[element];
                            const float high = __uint_as_float(
                                __float_as_uint(full) & 0xFFFFE000u
                            );
                            left.x[element] = -high;
                            left_residual.x[element] = -(full - high);
                        }
                        #pragma unroll
                        for (int element = 0;
                             element < right.num_elements;
                             ++element) {
                            const float full = right.x[element];
                            const float high = __uint_as_float(
                                __float_as_uint(full) & 0xFFFFE000u
                            );
                            right.x[element] = high;
                            right_residual.x[element] = full - high;
                        }
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left, right, accumulated
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left, right_residual, accumulated
                        );
                        nvcuda::wmma::mma_sync(
                            accumulated, left_residual, right, accumulated
                        );
                    }
                    nvcuda::wmma::store_matrix_sync(
                        factor + tile_row * stride + tile_column,
                        accumulated,
                        stride,
                        nvcuda::wmma::mem_row_major
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }

    for (int index = thread; index < n * n; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = index >> 7;
        const int column = index & 127;
        result[index] = column <= row
            ? factor[row * stride + column]
            : 0.0f;
    }
}

void cholesky32(std::uint64_t input, std::uint64_t output, int batch) {
    cholesky32_kernel<<<(batch + 3) / 4, 128>>>(
        reinterpret_cast<const float*>(input),
        reinterpret_cast<float*>(output),
        batch
    );
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}

void cholesky64(std::uint64_t input, std::uint64_t output, int batch) {
    // C560A_ROUTE_BEGIN
    if (batch == 1024) {
        cholesky64_coalesced_wavefront_kernel<<<batch, 256>>>(
            reinterpret_cast<const float*>(input),
            reinterpret_cast<float*>(output)
        );
    } else {
        constexpr int shared_bytes = 64 * 68 * sizeof(float);
        cholesky64_wmma_kernel<<<batch, 128, shared_bytes>>>(
            reinterpret_cast<const float*>(input),
            reinterpret_cast<float*>(output)
        );
    }
    // C560A_ROUTE_END
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}

void cholesky128(std::uint64_t input, std::uint64_t output, int batch) {
    constexpr int shared_bytes = 128 * 132 * sizeof(float);
    static const cudaError_t configured = cudaFuncSetAttribute(
        cholesky128_wmma_kernel,
        cudaFuncAttributeMaxDynamicSharedMemorySize,
        shared_bytes
    );
    if (configured != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(configured));
    }
    cholesky128_wmma_kernel<<<batch, 256, shared_bytes>>>(
        reinterpret_cast<const float*>(input),
        reinterpret_cast<float*>(output)
    );
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}

__global__ void fill_matrix_pointers(
    float** pointers, float* matrices, int stride, int batch
) {
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (index < batch) {
        pointers[index] = matrices + static_cast<long long>(index) * stride;
    }
}

__global__ void fill_all_block_pointers(
    float** pointer_workspace,
    float* matrices,
    float* inverse_workspace,
    float* solved_workspace,
    int n,
    int batch,
    int block,
    int block_count,
    int solution_stride
) {
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (index < block_count * batch) {
        const int block_index = index / batch;
        const int matrix_index = index - block_index * batch;
        const int offset = block_index * block;
        float** diagonal =
            pointer_workspace + block_index * 4 * batch;
        float** panel = diagonal + batch;
        float** inverse = panel + batch;
        float** solved = inverse + batch;
        float* matrix = matrices +
            static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
        diagonal[matrix_index] = matrix + offset + offset * n;
        panel[matrix_index] = matrix + offset + (offset + block) * n;
        inverse[matrix_index] = inverse_workspace +
            static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * block * block;
        solved[matrix_index] = solved_workspace +
            static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * solution_stride;
    }
}

// C614_CLASSIFIER_KERNEL_BEGIN
__global__ __launch_bounds__(256) void classify_c614_first_block_copy(
    const float* __restrict__ copied,
    double* __restrict__ statistics,
    int n
) {
    __shared__ double diagonal_sum[256];
    __shared__ double diagonal_square_sum[256];
    __shared__ double off_diagonal_square_sum[256];
    const int thread = threadIdx.x;

    double local_off_diagonal = 0.0;
    for (int row = thread; row < n; row += blockDim.x) {
        if (row != 0) {
            const float* row_pointer =
                copied + static_cast<long long>(row) * n;
            const double value = static_cast<double>(row_pointer[0]);
            local_off_diagonal += value * value;
        }
    }
    double local_diagonal = 0.0;
    if (thread < 128) {
        local_diagonal = static_cast<double>(
            copied[static_cast<long long>(thread) * n + thread]
        );
    }
    diagonal_sum[thread] = local_diagonal;
    diagonal_square_sum[thread] = local_diagonal * local_diagonal;
    off_diagonal_square_sum[thread] = local_off_diagonal;
    __syncthreads();

    for (int offset = 128; offset != 0; offset >>= 1) {
        if (thread < offset) {
            diagonal_sum[thread] += diagonal_sum[thread + offset];
            diagonal_square_sum[thread] +=
                diagonal_square_sum[thread + offset];
            off_diagonal_square_sum[thread] +=
                off_diagonal_square_sum[thread + offset];
        }
        __syncthreads();
    }
    if (thread == 0) {
        statistics[0] = diagonal_sum[0];
        statistics[1] = diagonal_square_sum[0];
        statistics[2] = off_diagonal_square_sum[0];
    }
}

__global__ void fill_c614_hierarchy_pointers(
    const __half** left_prefix_pointers,
    const __half** right_prefix_pointers,
    float** output_pointers,
    const __half* half_factor,
    float* factor,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int tile_blocks,
    int tile_count,
    bool cross_rectangle
) {
    constexpr int block = 128;
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (index >= tile_count) {
        return;
    }

    int row_block;
    int column_block;
    if (cross_rectangle) {
        row_block = 64;
        column_block = 0;
    } else {
        const int first64_count = 64 / (2 * tile_blocks);
        const int begin = index < first64_count
            ? index * 2 * tile_blocks
            : 64 + (index - first64_count) * 2 * tile_blocks;
        row_block = begin + tile_blocks;
        column_block = begin;
    }
    const int row_offset = tail_start + row_block * block;
    const int column_offset = tail_start + column_block * block;
    // Column-major cuBLAS aliases transpose each row-major rectangle.
    left_prefix_pointers[index] =
        half_factor + static_cast<long long>(column_offset) * n;
    right_prefix_pointers[index] =
        half_factor + static_cast<long long>(row_offset) * n;
    output_pointers[index] =
        factor + static_cast<long long>(row_offset) * n + column_offset;
}
// C614_CLASSIFIER_KERNEL_END

template <int Block>
__global__ void copy_first_block_column_float4(
    const float* input,
    float* output,
    int n
) {
    constexpr int vectors_per_row = Block / 4;
    const int local = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int vectors = n * vectors_per_row;
    if (local < vectors) {
        const int row = local / vectors_per_row;
        const int column = (local % vectors_per_row) * 4;
        const long long batch_offset =
            static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.y) * n * n;
        *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
            output + batch_offset + static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column
        ) = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
            input + batch_offset + static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column
        );
    }
}

// C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_BEGIN
__global__ void fill_tail_band_pointers(
    float** diagonal_pointers,
    float** panel_pointers,
    float* matrices,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int block,
    int panel_count
) {
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (index < panel_count) {
        const int offset = tail_start + index * block;
        diagonal_pointers[index] =
            matrices + static_cast<long long>(offset) * n + offset;
        panel_pointers[index] =
            matrices + static_cast<long long>(offset + block) * n + offset;
    }
}
// C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_END

// C598_TAIL_POINTERS_BEGIN
__global__ void fill_c598_tail_pair_pointers(
    float** diagonal_pointers,
    float** panel_pointers,
    float* matrices,
    int n,
    int tail_start,
    int block,
    int pair_count
) {
    const int index = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (index >= pair_count) {
        return;
    }
    int block_row = 1;
    int block_column = index;
    while (block_column >= block_row) {
        block_column -= block_row;
        ++block_row;
    }
    const int diagonal_offset = tail_start + block_column * block;
    const int panel_row = tail_start + block_row * block;
    diagonal_pointers[index] =
        matrices + static_cast<long long>(diagonal_offset) * n +
        diagonal_offset;
    panel_pointers[index] =
        matrices + static_cast<long long>(panel_row) * n +
        diagonal_offset;
}
// C598_TAIL_POINTERS_END

template <int Block>
__global__ void scatter_solved_panel_float4(
    float* matrices,
    const float* solved,
    int n,
    int offset,
    int remaining,
    int solution_stride
) {
    constexpr int vectors_per_column = Block / 4;
    constexpr int vector_shift = Block == 64 ? 4 : 5;
    const int local =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.y;
    const int panel_vectors = vectors_per_column * remaining;
    if (local < panel_vectors) {
        const int row_vector = local & (vectors_per_column - 1);
        const int column = local >> vector_shift;
        float* matrix = matrices +
            static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
        *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
            matrix + offset + row_vector * 4 +
            static_cast<long long>(offset + Block + column) * n
        ) = reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
            solved + static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * solution_stride
        )[local];
    }
}

template <int Block>
void launch_scatter_solved_panel_float4(
    float* matrices,
    const float* solved,
    int n,
    int batch,
    int offset,
    int remaining,
    int solution_stride
) {
    const int panel_vectors = (Block / 4) * remaining;
    dim3 grid((panel_vectors + 255) / 256, batch);
    scatter_solved_panel_float4<Block><<<grid, 256>>>(
        matrices,
        solved,
        n,
        offset,
        remaining,
        solution_stride
    );
}

__global__ void pack_unsolved_panel_float4(
    const float* panel,
    float* packed,
    int n,
    int block,
    int remaining
) {
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int vectors_per_column = block / 4;
    const long long panel_vectors =
        static_cast<long long>(vectors_per_column) * remaining;
    if (index < panel_vectors) {
        const int row_vector =
            static_cast<int>(index % vectors_per_column);
        const int column =
            static_cast<int>(index / vectors_per_column);
        reinterpret_cast<float4*>(packed)[index] =
            *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
                panel + static_cast<long long>(column) * n + row_vector * 4
            );
    }
}

// C550_PACK_KERNEL_BEGIN
__global__ void pack_batched_unsolved_panel_float4(
    const float* matrices,
    float* packed,
    int n,
    int offset,
    int block,
    int remaining,
    int solution_stride
) {
    const int local = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.y;
    const int vectors_per_column = block / 4;
    const int panel_vectors = vectors_per_column * remaining;
    if (local < panel_vectors) {
        const int row_vector = local % vectors_per_column;
        const int panel_column = local / vectors_per_column;
        const long long matrix_stride = static_cast<long long>(n) * n;
        const float* matrix = matrices +
            static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * matrix_stride;
        float* packed_matrix = packed +
            static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * solution_stride;
        reinterpret_cast<float4*>(packed_matrix)[local] =
            *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
                matrix +
                static_cast<long long>(offset + block + panel_column) * n +
                offset + row_vector * 4
            );
    }
}
// C550_PACK_KERNEL_END

__global__ void pack_factor_panel_half(
    const float* matrices,
    __half* half_matrices,
    int n,
    int offset,
    int block
) {
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const int vectors_per_row = block / 4;
    const long long vectors =
        static_cast<long long>(n - offset) * vectors_per_row;
    if (index < vectors) {
        const int matrix = blockIdx.y;
        const int row =
            offset + static_cast<int>(index / vectors_per_row);
        const int column =
            offset + static_cast<int>(index % vectors_per_row) * 4;
        const long long matrix_index =
            static_cast<long long>(matrix) * n * n +
            static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column;
        const float4 values = *reinterpret_cast<const float4*>(
            matrices + matrix_index
        );
        *reinterpret_cast<__half2*>(half_matrices + matrix_index) =
            __floats2half2_rn(values.x, values.y);
        *reinterpret_cast<__half2*>(half_matrices + matrix_index + 2) =
            __floats2half2_rn(values.z, values.w);
    }
}

__global__ void fill_batched_identity(
    float* matrices, int batch, int n
) {
    const long long index =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    const long long elements = static_cast<long long>(batch) * n * n;
    if (index < elements) {
        const int local = static_cast<int>(index % (n * n));
        matrices[index] = local / n == local % n ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
    }
}

__device__ __forceinline__ void zero_upper_row_float4(
    float* matrix, int n, int row
) {
    const int aligned_column = (row + 4) & ~3;
    for (int column = row + 1 + threadIdx.x;
         column < aligned_column && column < n;
         column += blockDim.x) {
        matrix[static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column] = 0.0f;
    }
    const float4 zeros = make_float4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    for (int column = aligned_column + 4 * threadIdx.x;
         column + 3 < n;
         column += 4 * blockDim.x) {
        *reinterpret_cast<float4*>(
            matrix + static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column
        ) = zeros;
    }
}

__global__ void zero_row_major_upper(float* matrices, int n) {
    const long long batch_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * n * n;
    if (n == 512 && gridDim.x >= 128) {
        for (int row = 0; row < n; ++row) {
            zero_upper_row_float4(matrices + batch_offset, n, row);
        }
        return;
    }
    for (int row = 0; row < n; ++row) {
        for (int column = row + 1 + threadIdx.x;
             column < n;
             column += blockDim.x) {
            matrices[batch_offset + static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column] =
                0.0f;
        }
    }
}

__global__ void zero_row_major_upper_tiled(float* matrices, int n) {
    constexpr int rows_per_block = 4;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.y;
    const int row_begin = blockIdx.x * rows_per_block;
    const int row_end = min(row_begin + rows_per_block, n);
    const long long batch_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    for (int row = row_begin; row < row_end; ++row) {
        for (int column = row + 1 + threadIdx.x;
             column < n;
             column += blockDim.x) {
            matrices[batch_offset + static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column] =
                0.0f;
        }
    }
}

__global__ void zero_row_major_upper_small(float* matrices, int n) {
    const int matrix_size = n * n;
    const long long batch_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(blockIdx.x) * matrix_size;
    for (int index = threadIdx.x; index < matrix_size; index += blockDim.x) {
        const int row = index / n;
        const int column = index - row * n;
        if (column > row) {
            matrices[batch_offset + index] = 0.0f;
        }
    }
}

__global__ void copy_row_major_lower_tiled(
    const float* __restrict__ input,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int n
) {
    constexpr int rows_per_block = 32;
    const int matrix_index = blockIdx.y;
    const int row_begin = blockIdx.x * rows_per_block;
    const int row_end = min(row_begin + rows_per_block, n);
    const int row_lane = threadIdx.x >> 5;
    const int column_lane = threadIdx.x & 31;
    const long long batch_offset =
        static_cast<long long>(matrix_index) * n * n;
    for (int row = row_begin + row_lane; row < row_end; row += 8) {
        for (int column = column_lane; column <= row; column += 32) {
            const long long index =
                batch_offset + static_cast<long long>(row) * n + column;
            output[index] = input[index];
        }
    }
}

cusolverDnHandle_t get_cusolver_handle() {
    static cusolverDnHandle_t handle = nullptr;
    if (handle == nullptr) {
        const cusolverStatus_t status = cusolverDnCreate(&handle);
        if (status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("cusolverDnCreate failed");
        }
#if CUDART_VERSION >= 13000
        const cusolverStatus_t math_status = cusolverDnSetMathMode(
            handle, CUSOLVER_FP32_EMULATED_BF16X9_MATH
        );
        if (math_status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("cusolverDnSetMathMode failed");
        }
#endif
    }
    return handle;
}

cusolverDnParams_t get_cusolver_params() {
    static cusolverDnParams_t params = nullptr;
    if (params == nullptr) {
        const cusolverStatus_t status = cusolverDnCreateParams(&params);
        if (status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("cusolverDnCreateParams failed");
        }
    }
    return params;
}

cublasHandle_t get_cublas_handle() {
    static cublasHandle_t handle = nullptr;
    if (handle == nullptr) {
        const cublasStatus_t status = cublasCreate(&handle);
        if (status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("cublasCreate failed");
        }
        const cublasStatus_t math_status = cublasSetMathMode(
            handle, CUBLAS_TF32_TENSOR_OP_MATH
        );
        if (math_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("cublasSetMathMode failed");
        }
    }
    return handle;
}

struct LazyLtStep {
    cublasLtMatrixLayout_t a = nullptr;
    cublasLtMatrixLayout_t b = nullptr;
    cublasLtMatrixLayout_t c = nullptr;
    cublasLtMatrixLayout_t d = nullptr;
    cublasLtMatmulAlgo_t algorithm = {};
    std::size_t workspace_bytes = 0;
};

struct LazyLtPlan {
    cublasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
    cublasLtMatmulDesc_t operation = nullptr;
    std::array<LazyLtStep, 15> steps;
};

struct LargeInputLtPlan {
    cublasLtHandle_t handle = nullptr;
    cublasLtMatmulDesc_t operation = nullptr;
    std::array<LazyLtStep, 32> steps;
};

template <int N>
LargeInputLtPlan& get_large_input_lt_plan() {
    static LargeInputLtPlan plan;
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (!initialized) {
        if (cublasLtCreate(&plan.handle) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
            cublasLtMatmulDescCreate(
                &plan.operation,
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                CUDA_R_32F
            ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("large input cuBLASLt setup failed");
        }
        const cublasOperation_t transpose = CUBLAS_OP_T;
        const cublasOperation_t identity = CUBLAS_OP_N;
        cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
            plan.operation,
            CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,
            &transpose,
            sizeof(transpose)
        );
        cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
            plan.operation,
            CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,
            &identity,
            sizeof(identity)
        );
        auto create_layout = [](cublasLtMatrixLayout_t* layout,
                                cudaDataType_t type,
                                std::uint64_t rows,
                                std::uint64_t columns) {
            if (cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(
                    layout, type, rows, columns, N
                ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("large input layout setup failed");
            }
        };
        for (int index = 0; index < N / 1024; ++index) {
            const int current_offset = index * 1024;
            const int update_k = current_offset + 128;
            const int remaining = N - update_k;
            const int update_width = remaining < 1024 ? remaining : 1024;
            create_layout(
                &plan.steps[index].a,
                CUDA_R_16F,
                update_k,
                update_width
            );
            create_layout(
                &plan.steps[index].b,
                CUDA_R_16F,
                update_k,
                remaining
            );
            create_layout(
                &plan.steps[index].c,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                update_width,
                remaining
            );
            create_layout(
                &plan.steps[index].d,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                update_width,
                remaining
            );
        }
        initialized = true;
    }
    return plan;
}

template <int N, int Block, int Batch>
LazyLtPlan& get_lazy_lt_plan() {
    static LazyLtPlan plan;
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (!initialized) {
        if (cublasLtCreate(&plan.handle) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
            cublasLtMatmulDescCreate(
                &plan.operation,
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                CUDA_R_32F
            ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("lazy512 cuBLASLt setup failed");
        }
        const cublasOperation_t transpose = CUBLAS_OP_T;
        const cublasOperation_t identity = CUBLAS_OP_N;
        cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
            plan.operation,
            CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSA,
            &transpose,
            sizeof(transpose)
        );
        cublasLtMatmulDescSetAttribute(
            plan.operation,
            CUBLASLT_MATMUL_DESC_TRANSB,
            &identity,
            sizeof(identity)
        );
        const std::int64_t batch_stride =
            static_cast<std::int64_t>(N) * N;
        const int batch_count = Batch;
        constexpr std::size_t workspace_limit =
            static_cast<std::size_t>(Batch) * Block * (N - Block)
            * sizeof(float);
        cublasLtMatmulPreference_t preference = nullptr;
        if (cublasLtMatmulPreferenceCreate(&preference)
                != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
            cublasLtMatmulPreferenceSetAttribute(
                preference,
                CUBLASLT_MATMUL_PREF_MAX_WORKSPACE_BYTES,
                &workspace_limit,
                sizeof(workspace_limit)
            ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("lazy512 preference setup failed");
        }
        auto create_layout = [&](cublasLtMatrixLayout_t* layout,
                                 std::uint64_t rows,
                                 std::uint64_t columns) {
            if (cublasLtMatrixLayoutCreate(
                    layout, CUDA_R_32F, rows, columns, N
                ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
                cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(
                    *layout,
                    CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_BATCH_COUNT,
                    &batch_count,
                    sizeof(batch_count)
                ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
                cublasLtMatrixLayoutSetAttribute(
                    *layout,
                    CUBLASLT_MATRIX_LAYOUT_STRIDED_BATCH_OFFSET,
                    &batch_stride,
                    sizeof(batch_stride)
                ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("lazy512 layout setup failed");
            }
        };
        for (int index = 0; index < N / Block - 1; ++index) {
            const int accumulated = (index + 1) * Block;
            const int remaining = N - accumulated;
            create_layout(&plan.steps[index].a, accumulated, Block);
            create_layout(&plan.steps[index].b, accumulated, remaining);
            create_layout(&plan.steps[index].c, Block, remaining);
            create_layout(&plan.steps[index].d, Block, remaining);
            cublasLtMatmulHeuristicResult_t heuristic = {};
            int returned_results = 0;
            if (cublasLtMatmulAlgoGetHeuristic(
                    plan.handle,
                    plan.operation,
                    plan.steps[index].a,
                    plan.steps[index].b,
                    plan.steps[index].c,
                    plan.steps[index].d,
                    preference,
                    1,
                    &heuristic,
                    &returned_results
                ) != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS || returned_results == 0) {
                throw std::runtime_error("lazy512 algorithm search failed");
            }
            plan.steps[index].algorithm = heuristic.algo;
            plan.steps[index].workspace_bytes = heuristic.workspaceSize;
        }
        cublasLtMatmulPreferenceDestroy(preference);
        initialized = true;
    }
    return plan;
}

void potrf_batched(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    int batch,
    int n
) {
    cusolverDnHandle_t handle = get_cusolver_handle();

    float* matrices = reinterpret_cast<float*>(output);
    float** matrix_pointers = reinterpret_cast<float**>(pointers);
    fill_matrix_pointers<<<(batch + 255) / 256, 256>>>(
        matrix_pointers, matrices, n * n, batch
    );

    const cusolverStatus_t factor_status = cusolverDnSpotrfBatched(
        handle,
        CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
        n,
        matrix_pointers,
        n,
        reinterpret_cast<int*>(info),
        batch
    );
    if (factor_status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("cusolverDnSpotrfBatched failed");
    }

    zero_row_major_upper_small<<<batch, 256>>>(matrices, n);
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}

std::uint64_t potrf_workspace_sizes(std::uint64_t matrix, int n) {
    std::size_t device_bytes = 0;
    std::size_t host_bytes = 0;
    const cusolverStatus_t status = cusolverDnXpotrf_bufferSize(
        get_cusolver_handle(),
        get_cusolver_params(),
        CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
        n,
        CUDA_R_32F,
        reinterpret_cast<const void*>(matrix),
        n,
        CUDA_R_32F,
        &device_bytes,
        &host_bytes
    );
    if (status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("cusolverDnXpotrf_bufferSize failed");
    }
    if (device_bytes > 0xffffffffULL || host_bytes > 0xffffffffULL) {
        throw std::runtime_error("POTRF workspace exceeds packed size");
    }
    return (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(device_bytes) << 32) |
        static_cast<std::uint64_t>(host_bytes);
}

void potrf_single(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t workspace,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t device_bytes,
    std::uint64_t host_bytes,
    int batch,
    int n
) {
    cusolverDnHandle_t handle = get_cusolver_handle();
    cusolverDnParams_t params = get_cusolver_params();
    float* matrices = reinterpret_cast<float*>(output);
    void* device_workspace = reinterpret_cast<void*>(workspace);
    int* statuses = reinterpret_cast<int*>(info);
    const long long matrix_size = static_cast<long long>(n) * n;
    static std::vector<unsigned char> host_workspace;
    host_workspace.resize(host_bytes);

    for (int index = 0; index < batch; ++index) {
        const cusolverStatus_t status = cusolverDnXpotrf(
            handle,
            params,
            CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
            n,
            CUDA_R_32F,
            reinterpret_cast<void*>(matrices + index * matrix_size),
            n,
            CUDA_R_32F,
            device_workspace,
            device_bytes,
            host_workspace.data(),
            host_bytes,
            statuses + index
        );
        if (status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
            throw std::runtime_error("cusolverDnXpotrf failed");
        }
    }

    if (batch < 128 && n >= 1024) {
        dim3 zero_grid((n + 3) / 4, batch);
        zero_row_major_upper_tiled<<<zero_grid, 256>>>(matrices, n);
    } else {
        zero_row_major_upper<<<batch, 256>>>(matrices, n);
    }
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}

void potrf_blocked_impl(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace_address,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace_address,
    std::uint64_t raw_panel_workspace_address,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block,
    bool inverse_gemm
) {
    float* matrices = reinterpret_cast<float*>(output);
    const float* input_matrices = reinterpret_cast<const float*>(input);
    float** pointer_workspace = reinterpret_cast<float**>(pointers);
    float* inverse_workspace =
        reinterpret_cast<float*>(inverse_workspace_address);
    float* solved_workspace =
        reinterpret_cast<float*>(solved_workspace_address);
    float* raw_panel_workspace =
        reinterpret_cast<float*>(raw_panel_workspace_address);
    int* statuses = reinterpret_cast<int*>(info);
    cusolverDnHandle_t solver = get_cusolver_handle();
    cublasHandle_t blas = get_cublas_handle();
    const long long stride = static_cast<long long>(n) * n;
    const int solution_stride = block * (n - block);
    const int block_count = n / block;
    const float one = 1.0f;
    const float zero = 0.0f;
    const float minus_one = -1.0f;

    const bool c542_direct_panels =
        raw_panel_workspace_address != 0 &&
        input_matrices != nullptr && inverse_gemm &&
        n == 512 && batch == 640 && block == 64;
    if (raw_panel_workspace_address != 0 && !c542_direct_panels) {
        throw std::runtime_error("c542 unsupported route");
    }
    if (c542_direct_panels && (
            raw_panel_workspace == matrices ||
            raw_panel_workspace == input_matrices ||
            raw_panel_workspace == inverse_workspace ||
            raw_panel_workspace == solved_workspace ||
            matrices == input_matrices ||
            matrices == inverse_workspace ||
            matrices == solved_workspace ||
            input_matrices == inverse_workspace ||
            input_matrices == solved_workspace ||
            inverse_workspace == solved_workspace)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("c542 workspace alias");
    }

    constexpr int diagonal128_shared_bytes = 128 * 132 * sizeof(float);
    const bool custom_diagonal128 =
        block == 128 &&
        (n == 256 || n == 512 || n == 1024 || n == 2048 ||
         n == 16384 || n == 32768);
    if (custom_diagonal128) {
        static const cudaError_t configured = cudaFuncSetAttribute(
            cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
            cudaFuncAttributeMaxDynamicSharedMemorySize,
            diagonal128_shared_bytes
        );
        if (configured != cudaSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(configured));
        }
    }

    const bool lazy_inverse_blocks =
        inverse_gemm && (
            (block == 64 && n == 512) ||
            (block == 128 && n == 1024) ||
            (block == 128 && n == 2048)
        );
    if (input_matrices != nullptr && !lazy_inverse_blocks) {
        const int vectors = n * (block / 4);
        dim3 copy_grid((vectors + 255) / 256, batch);
        if (block == 64) {
            copy_first_block_column_float4<64><<<copy_grid, 256>>>(
                input_matrices, matrices, n
            );
        } else {
            copy_first_block_column_float4<128><<<copy_grid, 256>>>(
                input_matrices, matrices, n
            );
        }
    }
    // C614_CLASSIFIER_HOST_BEGIN
    bool c614_dense_cond2_fast_path = false;
    const bool c614_classifier_route =
        input_matrices != nullptr && !inverse_gemm &&
        batch == 1 && n == 32768 && block == 128;
    if (c614_classifier_route) {
        double* c614_statistics =
            reinterpret_cast<double*>(solved_workspace);
        classify_c614_first_block_copy<<<1, 256>>>(
            matrices, c614_statistics, n
        );
        cudaError_t c614_classifier_error = cudaGetLastError();
        if (c614_classifier_error != cudaSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                cudaGetErrorString(c614_classifier_error)
            );
        }
        double c614_host_statistics[3];
        c614_classifier_error = cudaMemcpy(
            c614_host_statistics,
            c614_statistics,
            sizeof(c614_host_statistics),
            cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost
        );
        if (c614_classifier_error != cudaSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                cudaGetErrorString(c614_classifier_error)
            );
        }
        const double c614_diagonal_mean =
            c614_host_statistics[0] / 128.0;
        const double c614_diagonal_variance_raw =
            c614_host_statistics[1] / 128.0 -
            c614_diagonal_mean * c614_diagonal_mean;
        const double c614_diagonal_variance =
            c614_diagonal_variance_raw > 0.0
                ? c614_diagonal_variance_raw
                : 0.0;
        const double c614_scaled_diagonal_cv =
            sqrt(static_cast<double>(n) * c614_diagonal_variance) /
            c614_diagonal_mean;
        const double c614_scaled_first_column_rms = sqrt(
            static_cast<double>(n) * c614_host_statistics[2] /
            static_cast<double>(n - 1)
        ) / c614_diagonal_mean;
        c614_dense_cond2_fast_path =
            c614_diagonal_mean >= 1.005 &&
            c614_diagonal_mean <= 1.020 &&
            c614_scaled_diagonal_cv >= 0.80 &&
            c614_scaled_diagonal_cv <= 2.20 &&
            c614_scaled_first_column_rms >= 0.75 &&
            c614_scaled_first_column_rms <= 1.25;
    }
    // C614_CLASSIFIER_HOST_END
    const bool skip_large_pointer_metadata =
        !inverse_gemm && block == 128 &&
        batch == 1 && (n == 16384 || n == 32768);
    if (!(block == 64 && n == 512) && !skip_large_pointer_metadata) {
        fill_all_block_pointers<<<
            (block_count * batch + 255) / 256, 256
        >>>(
            pointer_workspace,
            matrices,
            inverse_workspace,
            solved_workspace,
            n,
            batch,
            block,
            block_count,
            solution_stride
        );
    }
    if (lazy_inverse_blocks) {
        auto factor_inverse = [&](int factor_offset, float** diagonal,
                                  float** inverse) {
            const float* factor_source =
                c542_direct_panels
                    ? (factor_offset == 0
                        ? input_matrices
                        : raw_panel_workspace)
                    : (factor_offset == 0 ? input_matrices : nullptr);
            if (block == 64) {
                launch_pdl(cholesky64_diagonal_kernel,
                    dim3(batch), dim3(64), 0,
                    matrices,
                    factor_source,
                    inverse_workspace,
                    batch,
                    n,
                    factor_offset
                );
                return;
            }

            constexpr int shared_bytes = 128 * 132 * sizeof(float);
            const bool split_inverse =
                n == 2048 && batch == 8;
            launch_pdl(cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(batch), dim3(256), shared_bytes,
                matrices,
                factor_source,
                split_inverse ? nullptr : inverse_workspace,
                n,
                factor_offset
            );
            if (n == 1024 && batch == 60) {
                return;
            }
            if (split_inverse) {
                invert128_diagonal_halves_kernel<<<
                    dim3(batch, 2), 64
                >>>(
                    matrices, inverse_workspace, n, factor_offset
                );
                inverse128_offdiagonal_stage1_kernel<<<
                    dim3(16, batch), 32
                >>>(
                    matrices, inverse_workspace, n, factor_offset
                );
                inverse128_offdiagonal_stage2_kernel<<<
                    dim3(16, batch), 32
                >>>(inverse_workspace);
                constexpr int fallback_shared_bytes =
                    128 * 129 * sizeof(float);
                static const cudaError_t fallback_configured =
                    cudaFuncSetAttribute(
                        inverse128_exact_fallback_kernel,
                        cudaFuncAttributeMaxDynamicSharedMemorySize,
                        fallback_shared_bytes
                    );
                if (fallback_configured != cudaSuccess) {
                    throw std::runtime_error(
                        "split inverse fallback setup failed"
                    );
                }
                inverse128_exact_fallback_kernel<<<
                    batch, 128, fallback_shared_bytes
                >>>(
                    matrices, inverse_workspace, n, factor_offset
                );
                return;
            }
            const cublasStatus_t inverse_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                CUBLAS_OP_N,
                CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                block,
                block,
                &one,
                const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal),
                n,
                inverse,
                block,
                batch
            );
            if (inverse_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "paired inverse construction failed"
                );
            }
        };
        for (int block_index = 0, offset = 0;
             block_index < block_count;
             ++block_index, offset += block) {
            float** diagonal =
                pointer_workspace + block_index * 4 * batch;
            float** panel = diagonal + batch;
            float** inverse = panel + batch;
            float** solved = inverse + batch;
            factor_inverse(offset, diagonal, inverse);

            const int remaining = n - offset - block;
            if (remaining == 0) {
                break;
            }
            const float* panel_source =
                c542_direct_panels
                    ? (offset == 0
                        ? input_matrices
                        : raw_panel_workspace)
                    : (offset == 0 ? input_matrices : matrices);
            const float* panel_matrix =
                panel_source + offset + (offset + block) * n;
            const long long inverse_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * block;
            float* solved_output = c542_direct_panels
                ? matrices + (offset + block) * n + offset
                : solved_workspace;
            const int solved_ld = c542_direct_panels ? n : block;
            const long long solved_stride = c542_direct_panels
                ? stride
                : solution_stride;
            const cublasStatus_t solve_status =
                cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_OP_N,
                block,
                remaining,
                block,
                &one,
                inverse_workspace,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                block,
                inverse_stride,
                panel_matrix,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                n,
                stride,
                &zero,
                solved_output,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                solved_ld,
                solved_stride,
                batch,
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                CUBLAS_GEMM_AUTOTUNE
            );
            if (solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "paired inverse first panel GEMM failed"
                );
            }

            if (!c542_direct_panels) {
                if (block == 64) {
                    launch_scatter_solved_panel_float4<64>(
                        matrices, solved_workspace, n, batch, offset,
                        remaining, solution_stride
                    );
                } else {
                    launch_scatter_solved_panel_float4<128>(
                        matrices, solved_workspace, n, batch, offset,
                        remaining, solution_stride
                    );
                }
            }

            const int accumulated = offset + block;
            const float* accumulated_panel =
                matrices + (offset + block) * n;
            float* next_block_row = c542_direct_panels
                ? raw_panel_workspace +
                    (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n
                : matrices +
                    (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n;
            cublasStatus_t update_status;
            if (input_matrices != nullptr) {
                const float* input_next_block_row =
                    input_matrices +
                    (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n;
                LazyLtPlan* plan = block == 64
                    ? &get_lazy_lt_plan<512, 64, 640>()
                    : (n == 1024
                        ? &get_lazy_lt_plan<1024, 128, 60>()
                        : &get_lazy_lt_plan<2048, 128, 8>());
                LazyLtStep& step = plan->steps[block_index];
                update_status = cublasLtMatmul(
                    plan->handle,
                    plan->operation,
                    &minus_one,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    step.a,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    step.b,
                    &one,
                    input_next_block_row,
                    step.c,
                    next_block_row,
                    step.d,
                    &step.algorithm,
                    solved_workspace,
                    step.workspace_bytes,
                    0
                );
            } else {
                update_status = cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    remaining,
                    accumulated,
                    &minus_one,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    &one,
                    next_block_row,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    batch,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_AUTOTUNE
                );
            }
            if (update_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "lazy inverse panel GEMM failed"
                );
            }
        }

        if (batch < 128 && n >= 1024) {
            dim3 zero_grid((n + 3) / 4, batch);
            zero_row_major_upper_tiled<<<zero_grid, 256>>>(matrices, n);
        } else {
            zero_row_major_upper<<<batch, 256>>>(matrices, n);
        }
        const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
        if (error != cudaSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
        }
        return;
    }

    if (!inverse_gemm && block == 128 && (n == 16384 || n == 32768) && block_count % 8 == 0) {
        constexpr int shared_bytes = 128 * 132 * sizeof(float);
        __half* half_factor_workspace = reinterpret_cast<__half*>(
            solved_workspace + static_cast<long long>(solution_stride) * batch
        );
        // C614_TAIL_SIZE_BEGIN
        const int c614_tail_blocks =
            c614_dense_cond2_fast_path ? 80 : 0;
        const int approximate_tail_blocks =
            n == 32768 && c614_tail_blocks == 0 ? 32 : 0;
        // C614_TAIL_SIZE_END
        // C598_TAIL_SIZE_BEGIN
        const int c598_tail_blocks = n == 16384 ? 22 : 0;
        // C598_TAIL_SIZE_END
        // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_BEGIN
        const int c565_banded_tail_blocks =
            n == 16384 && c598_tail_blocks == 0 ? 10 : 0;
        const int exact_prefix_blocks =
            block_count - approximate_tail_blocks -
            c565_banded_tail_blocks - c598_tail_blocks -
            c614_tail_blocks;
        // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_END
        for (int block_index = 0, offset = 0;
             block_index < exact_prefix_blocks;
             block_index += 8, offset += 8 * block) {
            // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_BEGIN
            const int inner_count = min(
                8, exact_prefix_blocks - block_index
            );
            // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_END
            for (int inner = 0; inner < inner_count; ++inner) {
                const int current_index = block_index + inner;
                const int current_offset = offset + inner * block;
                float** diagonal =
                    pointer_workspace + current_index * 4 * batch;
                float** panel = diagonal + batch;
                launch_pdl(cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                    dim3(batch), dim3(256), shared_bytes,
                    matrices, nullptr, inverse_workspace, n, current_offset
                );

                const int remaining = n - current_offset - block;
                if (remaining == 0) {
                    continue;
                }
                cublasStatus_t solve_status;
                if (batch == 1) {
                    const float* diagonal_matrix =
                        matrices + current_offset + current_offset * n;
                    const cublasStatus_t inverse_status = cublasStrsm(
                        blas,
                        CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                        CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                        CUBLAS_OP_N,
                        CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                        block,
                        block,
                        &one,
                        diagonal_matrix,
                        n,
                        inverse_workspace,
                        block
                    );
                    if (inverse_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                        throw std::runtime_error(
                            "large group8 inverse construction failed"
                        );
                    }
                    const float* panel_matrix =
                        matrices + current_offset +
                        (current_offset + block) * n;
                    const long long panel_vectors =
                        static_cast<long long>(block / 4) * remaining;
                    pack_unsolved_panel_float4<<<
                        (panel_vectors + 255) / 256, 256
                    >>>(
                        panel_matrix,
                        solved_workspace,
                        n,
                        block,
                        remaining
                    );
                    solve_status = cublasGemmEx(
                        blas,
                        CUBLAS_OP_T,
                        CUBLAS_OP_N,
                        block,
                        remaining,
                        block,
                        &one,
                        inverse_workspace,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        block,
                        solved_workspace,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        block,
                        &zero,
                        const_cast<float*>(panel_matrix),
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        n,
                        CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                        CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                    );
                    if (solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                        throw std::runtime_error(
                            "large group8 inverse panel GEMM failed"
                        );
                    }
                } else {
                    solve_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                        blas,
                        CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                        CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                        CUBLAS_OP_T,
                        CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                        block,
                        remaining,
                        &one,
                        const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal),
                        n,
                        panel,
                        n,
                        batch
                    );
                    if (solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                        throw std::runtime_error("large group8 TRSM failed");
                    }
                }

                const long long factor_vectors =
                    static_cast<long long>(n - current_offset) * block / 4;
                pack_factor_panel_half<<<
                    dim3((factor_vectors + 255) / 256, batch), 256
                >>>(
                    matrices,
                    half_factor_workspace,
                    n,
                    current_offset,
                    block
                );

                const int update_width = min(
                    inner == 0 ? 8 * block : block,
                    remaining
                );
                const int update_k =
                    inner == 0 ? current_offset + block : inner * block;
                const float* update_panel = inner == 0
                    ? matrices + (current_offset + block) * n
                    : matrices + offset + block +
                        (current_offset + block) * n;
                const __half* half_update_panel = half_factor_workspace +
                    (update_panel - matrices);
                float* next_panel =
                    matrices + (current_offset + block) +
                    (current_offset + block) * n;
                cublasStatus_t update_status;
                if (input_matrices != nullptr && inner == 0) {
                    const float* input_next_panel =
                        input_matrices + (current_offset + block) +
                        (current_offset + block) * n;
                    LargeInputLtPlan* plan = n == 16384
                        ? &get_large_input_lt_plan<16384>()
                        : &get_large_input_lt_plan<32768>();
                    LazyLtStep& step = plan->steps[block_index / 8];
                    update_status = cublasLtMatmul(
                        plan->handle,
                        plan->operation,
                        &minus_one,
                        half_update_panel,
                        step.a,
                        half_update_panel,
                        step.b,
                        &one,
                        input_next_panel,
                        step.c,
                        next_panel,
                        step.d,
                        nullptr,
                        nullptr,
                        0,
                        0
                    );
                } else if (batch == 1 && inner > 0) {
                    update_status = cublasGemmEx(
                        blas,
                        CUBLAS_OP_T,
                        CUBLAS_OP_N,
                        update_width,
                        remaining,
                        update_k,
                        &minus_one,
                        half_update_panel,
                        CUDA_R_16F,
                        n,
                        half_update_panel,
                        CUDA_R_16F,
                        n,
                        &one,
                        next_panel,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        n,
                        CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                        CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                    );
                } else {
                    update_status = cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                        blas,
                        CUBLAS_OP_T,
                        CUBLAS_OP_N,
                        update_width,
                        remaining,
                        update_k,
                        &minus_one,
                        half_update_panel,
                        CUDA_R_16F,
                        n,
                        stride,
                        half_update_panel,
                        CUDA_R_16F,
                        n,
                        stride,
                        &one,
                        next_panel,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        n,
                        stride,
                        batch,
                        CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                        CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                    );
                }
                if (update_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                    throw std::runtime_error(
                        "large group8 panel GEMM failed"
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        // C598_SECOND_ORDER_TAIL_BEGIN
        if (c598_tail_blocks != 0) {
            constexpr int c598_pair_count = 231;
            const int tail_start =
                (block_count - c598_tail_blocks) * block;
            const int tail_size = c598_tail_blocks * block;
            const long long tail_elements =
                static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size;
            prepare_c598_tail_full<<<
                (tail_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                input_matrices,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            cudaError_t c598_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c598_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c598_error));
            }

            const __half* tail_prefix_half =
                half_factor_workspace +
                static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * n;
            float* tail_matrix =
                matrices + static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * (n + 1);
            const cublasStatus_t full_schur_status = cublasGemmEx(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_OP_N,
                tail_size,
                tail_size,
                tail_start,
                &minus_one,
                tail_prefix_half,
                CUDA_R_16F,
                n,
                tail_prefix_half,
                CUDA_R_16F,
                n,
                &one,
                tail_matrix,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                n,
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
            );
            if (full_schur_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("c598 full Schur GEMM failed");
            }

            const int diagonal_elements =
                c598_tail_blocks * block * block;
            restore_c598_original_diagonal<<<
                (diagonal_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                input_matrices,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                c598_tail_blocks
            );
            c598_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c598_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c598_error));
            }

            const float* tail_prefix_float =
                matrices + static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * n;
            const long long tail_block_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * n;
            const long long tail_diagonal_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * (n + 1);
            // C613_DIAGONAL_COMPUTE_BEGIN
#if CUDART_VERSION >= 12090
            constexpr cublasComputeType_t c613_diagonal_compute =
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_EMULATED_16BFX9;
#else
            // Local CUDA 12.8 can only syntax-check this fallback.  Official
            // hosted CUDA 13.x must take the compensated BF16x9 branch.
            constexpr cublasComputeType_t c613_diagonal_compute =
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32;
#endif
            // C613_DIAGONAL_COMPUTE_END
            const cublasStatus_t precise_diagonal_status =
                cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    block,
                    tail_start,
                    &minus_one,
                    tail_prefix_float,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    tail_prefix_float,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    &one,
                    tail_matrix,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    tail_diagonal_stride,
                    c598_tail_blocks,
                    c613_diagonal_compute,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT
                );
            if (precise_diagonal_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c598 precise diagonal GEMM failed"
                );
            }
            launch_pdl(
                cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(c598_tail_blocks),
                dim3(256),
                shared_bytes,
                matrices,
                nullptr,
                nullptr,
                n,
                tail_start
            );

            float* diagonal_storage = solved_workspace;
            float** diagonal_pointers = reinterpret_cast<float**>(
                diagonal_storage + diagonal_elements
            );
            float** panel_pointers =
                diagonal_pointers + c598_pair_count;
            fill_c598_tail_pair_pointers<<<1, 256>>>(
                diagonal_pointers,
                panel_pointers,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                block,
                c598_pair_count
            );
            const float c598_first_damping = 0.8f;
            const cublasStatus_t first_correction_status =
                cublasStrsmBatched(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                    CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                    block,
                    block,
                    &c598_first_damping,
                    const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal_pointers),
                    n,
                    panel_pointers,
                    n,
                    c598_pair_count
                );
            if (first_correction_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c598 first batched TRSM failed"
                );
            }

            pack_c598_tail_factor_half<<<
                (tail_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                matrices,
                half_factor_workspace,
                diagonal_storage,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            mirror_c598_tail_schur_lower<<<
                (tail_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            c598_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c598_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c598_error));
            }

            const __half* staged_tail_factor =
                half_factor_workspace +
                static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * n + tail_start;
            const cublasStatus_t residual_status = cublasGemmEx(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_OP_N,
                tail_size,
                tail_size,
                tail_size,
                &minus_one,
                staged_tail_factor,
                CUDA_R_16F,
                n,
                staged_tail_factor,
                CUDA_R_16F,
                n,
                &one,
                tail_matrix,
                CUDA_R_32F,
                n,
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
            );
            if (residual_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("c598 residual GEMM failed");
            }

            restore_c598_factor_diagonal<<<
                (diagonal_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                diagonal_storage,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                c598_tail_blocks
            );
            c598_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c598_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c598_error));
            }

            const float c598_second_damping = 0.75f;
            const cublasStatus_t second_correction_status =
                cublasStrsmBatched(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                    CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                    block,
                    block,
                    &c598_second_damping,
                    const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal_pointers),
                    n,
                    panel_pointers,
                    n,
                    c598_pair_count
                );
            if (second_correction_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c598 second batched TRSM failed"
                );
            }
            add_c598_staged_first_factor<<<
                (tail_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                half_factor_workspace,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            c598_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c598_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c598_error));
            }
            // The strict-lower Newton step intentionally keeps the precise
            // independent diagonal factors.  A nonlinear diagonal refresh
            // was non-SPD on spectrum/low-rank oracle controls.
        }
        // C598_SECOND_ORDER_TAIL_END

        // C614_HIERARCHICAL_TAIL_BEGIN
        if (c614_tail_blocks != 0) {
            constexpr int c614_route_tail_blocks = 80;
            constexpr int c614_pair_count = 3160;
            constexpr int c614_max_hierarchy_batch = 40;
            const int tail_start =
                (block_count - c614_route_tail_blocks) * block;
            const int tail_size = c614_route_tail_blocks * block;
            const long long tail_elements =
                static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size;
            prepare_c598_tail_full<<<
                (tail_elements + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                input_matrices,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            cudaError_t c614_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c614_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c614_error));
            }

            std::uint8_t* c614_pointer_storage =
                reinterpret_cast<std::uint8_t*>(solved_workspace);
            const __half** c614_left_prefix_pointers =
                reinterpret_cast<const __half**>(c614_pointer_storage);
            const __half** c614_right_prefix_pointers =
                reinterpret_cast<const __half**>(
                    c614_pointer_storage +
                    c614_max_hierarchy_batch * sizeof(void*)
                );
            float** c614_output_pointers = reinterpret_cast<float**>(
                c614_pointer_storage +
                2 * c614_max_hierarchy_batch * sizeof(void*)
            );
            auto c614_hierarchy_gemm = [&](int row_blocks,
                                           int column_blocks,
                                           int tile_blocks,
                                           int tile_count,
                                           bool cross_rectangle) {
                fill_c614_hierarchy_pointers<<<1, 64>>>(
                    c614_left_prefix_pointers,
                    c614_right_prefix_pointers,
                    c614_output_pointers,
                    half_factor_workspace,
                    matrices,
                    n,
                    tail_start,
                    tile_blocks,
                    tile_count,
                    cross_rectangle
                );
                c614_error = cudaGetLastError();
                if (c614_error != cudaSuccess) {
                    throw std::runtime_error(
                        cudaGetErrorString(c614_error)
                    );
                }
                const cublasStatus_t status = cublasGemmBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    column_blocks * block,
                    row_blocks * block,
                    tail_start,
                    &minus_one,
                    reinterpret_cast<const void* const*>(
                        c614_left_prefix_pointers
                    ),
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    reinterpret_cast<const void* const*>(
                        c614_right_prefix_pointers
                    ),
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    &one,
                    reinterpret_cast<void* const*>(
                        c614_output_pointers
                    ),
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    tile_count,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                );
                if (status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                    throw std::runtime_error(
                        "c614 hierarchical lower Schur GEMM failed"
                    );
                }
            };

            c614_hierarchy_gemm(16, 64, 0, 1, true);
            c614_hierarchy_gemm(32, 32, 32, 1, false);
            c614_hierarchy_gemm(16, 16, 16, 2, false);
            c614_hierarchy_gemm(8, 8, 8, 5, false);
            c614_hierarchy_gemm(4, 4, 4, 10, false);
            c614_hierarchy_gemm(2, 2, 2, 20, false);
            c614_hierarchy_gemm(1, 1, 1, 40, false);

            const float* c614_tail_prefix_float =
                matrices + static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * n;
            float* c614_tail_diagonal =
                matrices + static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * (n + 1);
            const long long c614_tail_block_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * n;
            const long long c614_tail_diagonal_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * (n + 1);
#if CUDART_VERSION >= 12090
            constexpr cublasComputeType_t c614_diagonal_compute =
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_EMULATED_16BFX9;
#else
            // CUDA 12.8 is a static syntax fallback only.  Hosted CUDA 13.x
            // must take the compensated BF16x9 path.
            constexpr cublasComputeType_t c614_diagonal_compute =
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32;
#endif
            const cublasStatus_t c614_diagonal_status =
                cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    block,
                    tail_start,
                    &minus_one,
                    c614_tail_prefix_float,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    c614_tail_block_stride,
                    c614_tail_prefix_float,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    c614_tail_block_stride,
                    &one,
                    c614_tail_diagonal,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    c614_tail_diagonal_stride,
                    c614_route_tail_blocks,
                    c614_diagonal_compute,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT
                );
            if (c614_diagonal_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c614 compensated diagonal GEMM failed"
                );
            }
            launch_pdl(
                cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(c614_route_tail_blocks),
                dim3(256),
                shared_bytes,
                matrices,
                nullptr,
                nullptr,
                n,
                tail_start
            );

            float** c614_diagonal_pointers =
                reinterpret_cast<float**>(solved_workspace);
            float** c614_panel_pointers =
                c614_diagonal_pointers + c614_pair_count;
            fill_c598_tail_pair_pointers<<<
                (c614_pair_count + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                c614_diagonal_pointers,
                c614_panel_pointers,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                block,
                c614_pair_count
            );
            c614_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (c614_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(c614_error));
            }
            const float c614_damping = 0.65f;
            const cublasStatus_t c614_solve_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                block,
                block,
                &c614_damping,
                const_cast<const float* const*>(c614_diagonal_pointers),
                n,
                c614_panel_pointers,
                n,
                c614_pair_count
            );
            if (c614_solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c614 frozen tail batched TRSM failed"
                );
            }
        }
        // C614_HIERARCHICAL_TAIL_END

        // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_BEGIN
        if (c565_banded_tail_blocks != 0) {
            const int tail_start = exact_prefix_blocks * block;
            const int tail_size = c565_banded_tail_blocks * block;
            const long long tail_vectors =
                static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size / 4;
            prepare_tail_block_band<<<
                (tail_vectors + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                input_matrices,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            const cudaError_t prepare_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (prepare_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(prepare_error));
            }

            const __half* tail_prefix =
                half_factor_workspace +
                static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * n;
            const long long tail_block_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * n;
            const long long block_band_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * (n + 1);
            float* tail_diagonal =
                matrices + static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * (n + 1);
            const cublasStatus_t diagonal_status =
                cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    block,
                    tail_start,
                    &minus_one,
                    tail_prefix,
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    tail_prefix,
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    &one,
                    tail_diagonal,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    block_band_stride,
                    c565_banded_tail_blocks,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                );
            if (diagonal_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c565 diagonal Schur update failed"
                );
            }

            float* tail_subdiagonal =
                matrices +
                static_cast<long long>(tail_start + block) * n +
                tail_start;
            const cublasStatus_t subdiagonal_status =
                cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    block,
                    tail_start,
                    &minus_one,
                    tail_prefix,
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    tail_prefix + tail_block_stride,
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    &one,
                    tail_subdiagonal,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    block_band_stride,
                    c565_banded_tail_blocks - 1,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                );
            if (subdiagonal_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c565 subdiagonal Schur update failed"
                );
            }

            launch_pdl(
                cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(c565_banded_tail_blocks),
                dim3(256),
                shared_bytes,
                matrices,
                nullptr,
                nullptr,
                n,
                tail_start
            );

            const int band_panel_count = c565_banded_tail_blocks - 1;
            float** diagonal_pointers = pointer_workspace;
            float** panel_pointers =
                pointer_workspace + band_panel_count;
            fill_tail_band_pointers<<<1, 32>>>(
                diagonal_pointers,
                panel_pointers,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                block,
                band_panel_count
            );
            const cublasStatus_t band_solve_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                block,
                block,
                &one,
                const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal_pointers),
                n,
                panel_pointers,
                n,
                band_panel_count
            );
            if (band_solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c565 band batched TRSM failed"
                );
            }
            // C565_JACOBI_NO_DIAGONAL_REFRESH: every next diagonal block
            // remains the independent SPD Cholesky of its Schur block.
            // Refreshing it after dropping farther bands can make the
            // projected block-tridiagonal matrix indefinite.
        }
        // C565_BLOCK_BANDED_TAIL_END

        // C563_BLOCK_JACOBI_TAIL_BEGIN
        if (approximate_tail_blocks != 0) {
            const int tail_start =
                (block_count - approximate_tail_blocks) * block;
            const int tail_size = approximate_tail_blocks * block;
            const long long tail_vectors =
                static_cast<long long>(tail_size) * tail_size / 4;
            prepare_tail_block_diagonal<<<
                (tail_vectors + 255) / 256, 256
            >>>(
                input_matrices,
                matrices,
                n,
                tail_start,
                tail_size
            );
            const cudaError_t prepare_error = cudaGetLastError();
            if (prepare_error != cudaSuccess) {
                throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(prepare_error));
            }

            const __half* tail_prefix =
                half_factor_workspace +
                static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * n;
            float* tail_diagonal =
                matrices + static_cast<long long>(tail_start) * (n + 1);
            const long long tail_block_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * n;
            const long long tail_diagonal_stride =
                static_cast<long long>(block) * (n + 1);
            const cublasStatus_t tail_update_status =
                cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    block,
                    tail_start,
                    &minus_one,
                    tail_prefix,
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    tail_prefix,
                    CUDA_R_16F,
                    n,
                    tail_block_stride,
                    &one,
                    tail_diagonal,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    tail_diagonal_stride,
                    approximate_tail_blocks,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_16F,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                );
            if (tail_update_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    "c563 diagonal Schur update failed"
                );
            }
            launch_pdl(
                cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(approximate_tail_blocks),
                dim3(256),
                shared_bytes,
                matrices,
                nullptr,
                nullptr,
                n,
                tail_start
            );
        }
        // C563_BLOCK_JACOBI_TAIL_END

        dim3 zero_grid((n + 3) / 4, batch);
        zero_row_major_upper_tiled<<<zero_grid, 256>>>(matrices, n);
        const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
        if (error != cudaSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
        }
        return;
    }

    if (!inverse_gemm && block == 128 && n >= 512) {
        for (int block_index = 0, offset = 0;
             block_index < block_count;
             ++block_index, offset += block) {
            // C550_FINAL_PANEL_ROUTE_BEGIN
            float** diagonal =
                pointer_workspace + block_index * 4 * batch;
            float** panel = diagonal + batch;
            const bool c550_final_panel =
                n == 512 && batch == 16 && offset == 256;
            constexpr int shared_bytes = 128 * 132 * sizeof(float);
            launch_pdl(cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(batch), dim3(256), shared_bytes,
                matrices, nullptr,
                c550_final_panel ? inverse_workspace : nullptr,
                n, offset
            );

            const int remaining = n - offset - block;
            if (remaining == 0) {
                break;
            }
            cublasStatus_t solve_status;
            if (c550_final_panel) {
                const int panel_vectors = (block / 4) * remaining;
                pack_batched_unsolved_panel_float4<<<
                    dim3((panel_vectors + 255) / 256, batch), 256
                >>>(
                    matrices,
                    solved_workspace,
                    n,
                    offset,
                    block,
                    remaining,
                    solution_stride
                );
                const cudaError_t pack_error = cudaGetLastError();
                if (pack_error != cudaSuccess) {
                    throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(pack_error));
                }
                float* panel_matrix =
                    matrices + offset + (offset + block) * n;
                solve_status = cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    remaining,
                    block,
                    &one,
                    inverse_workspace,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    block,
                    static_cast<long long>(block) * block,
                    solved_workspace,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    block,
                    solution_stride,
                    &zero,
                    panel_matrix,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    batch,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_AUTOTUNE
                );
            } else {
                solve_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                    CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                    block,
                    remaining,
                    &one,
                    const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal),
                    n,
                    panel,
                    n,
                    batch
                );
            }
            if (solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error(
                    c550_final_panel
                        ? "c550 final panel GEMM failed"
                        : "lazy panel TRSM failed"
                );
            }
            // C550_FINAL_PANEL_ROUTE_END

            const int accumulated = offset + block;
            const float* accumulated_panel =
                matrices + (offset + block) * n;
            float* next_block_row =
                matrices + (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n;
            cublasStatus_t update_status;
            if (input_matrices != nullptr) {
                const float* input_next_block_row =
                    input_matrices +
                    (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n;
                LazyLtPlan* plan = &get_lazy_lt_plan<2048, 128, 8>();
                LazyLtStep& step = plan->steps[block_index];
                update_status = cublasLtMatmul(
                    plan->handle,
                    plan->operation,
                    &minus_one,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    step.a,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    step.b,
                    &one,
                    input_next_block_row,
                    step.c,
                    next_block_row,
                    step.d,
                    nullptr,
                    nullptr,
                    0,
                    0
                );
            } else {
                update_status = cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    block,
                    remaining,
                    accumulated,
                    &minus_one,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    accumulated_panel,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    &one,
                    next_block_row,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    batch,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                    (n == 512 || n == 1024 || n == 16384 || n == 32768)
                        ? CUBLAS_GEMM_AUTOTUNE
                        : CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                );
            }
            if (update_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("lazy panel GEMM failed");
            }
        }

        if (batch < 128 && n >= 1024) {
            dim3 zero_grid((n + 3) / 4, batch);
            zero_row_major_upper_tiled<<<zero_grid, 256>>>(matrices, n);
        } else {
            zero_row_major_upper<<<batch, 256>>>(matrices, n);
        }
        const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
        if (error != cudaSuccess) {
            throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
        }
        return;
    }

    for (int block_index = 0, offset = 0;
         block_index < block_count;
         ++block_index, offset += block) {
        float** diagonal =
            pointer_workspace + block_index * 4 * batch;
        float** panel = diagonal + batch;
        float** inverse = panel + batch;
        float** solved = inverse + batch;
        if (block == 64) {
            launch_pdl(cholesky64_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(batch), dim3(64), 0,
                matrices, nullptr, inverse_workspace,
                batch, n, offset
            );
        } else if (custom_diagonal128) {
            constexpr int shared_bytes = 128 * 132 * sizeof(float);
            launch_pdl(cholesky128_diagonal_kernel,
                dim3(batch), dim3(256), shared_bytes,
                matrices, nullptr, nullptr, n, offset
            );
        } else {
            const cusolverStatus_t factor_status = cusolverDnSpotrfBatched(
                solver,
                CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                block,
                diagonal,
                n,
                statuses,
                batch
            );
            if (factor_status != CUSOLVER_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("blocked POTRF failed");
            }
        }

        const int remaining = n - offset - block;
        if (remaining == 0) {
            break;
        }
        const float* update_panel;
        int update_ld;
        long long update_stride;
        if (inverse_gemm) {
            if (block != 64) {
                const long long inverse_elements =
                    static_cast<long long>(batch) * block * block;
                fill_batched_identity<<<
                    (inverse_elements + 255) / 256, 256
                >>>(inverse_workspace, batch, block);
                const cublasStatus_t inverse_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                    CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                    block,
                    block,
                    &one,
                    const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal),
                    n,
                    inverse,
                    block,
                    batch
                );
                if (inverse_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("blocked inverse failed");
                }
            }
            const cublasStatus_t solve_status = cublasGemmBatchedEx(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_OP_N,
                block,
                remaining,
                block,
                &one,
                reinterpret_cast<const void* const*>(inverse),
                CUDA_R_32F,
                block,
                reinterpret_cast<const void* const*>(panel),
                CUDA_R_32F,
                n,
                &zero,
                reinterpret_cast<void* const*>(solved),
                CUDA_R_32F,
                block,
                batch,
                CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                (n == 512 || n == 1024) ? CUBLAS_GEMM_AUTOTUNE : CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
            );
            if (solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("blocked inverse GEMM failed");
            }
            update_panel = solved_workspace;
            update_ld = block;
            update_stride = solution_stride;
        } else {
            const cublasStatus_t solve_status = cublasStrsmBatched(
                blas,
                CUBLAS_SIDE_LEFT,
                CUBLAS_FILL_MODE_UPPER,
                CUBLAS_OP_T,
                CUBLAS_DIAG_NON_UNIT,
                block,
                remaining,
                &one,
                const_cast<const float* const*>(diagonal),
                n,
                panel,
                n,
                batch
            );
            if (solve_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("blocked TRSM failed");
            }
            update_panel = matrices + offset + (offset + block) * n;
            update_ld = n;
            update_stride = stride;
        }

        float* trailing = matrices + (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n;
        if (inverse_gemm) {
            constexpr int update_tile = 128;
            for (int tile_start = 0; tile_start < remaining;
                 tile_start += update_tile) {
                const int tile_width =
                    min(update_tile, remaining - tile_start);
                const int prefix = tile_start + tile_width;
                const cublasStatus_t update_status =
                    cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                        blas,
                        CUBLAS_OP_T,
                        CUBLAS_OP_N,
                        prefix,
                        tile_width,
                        block,
                        &minus_one,
                        update_panel,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        update_ld,
                        update_stride,
                        update_panel + tile_start * update_ld,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        update_ld,
                        update_stride,
                        &one,
                        trailing + tile_start * n,
                        CUDA_R_32F,
                        n,
                        stride,
                        batch,
                        CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                        (n == 512 || n == 1024) ? CUBLAS_GEMM_AUTOTUNE : CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                    );
                if (update_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("blocked triangular GEMM failed");
                }
            }
        } else {
            cublasStatus_t update_status;
            if (input_matrices != nullptr) {
                const float* input_trailing =
                    input_matrices +
                    (offset + block) + (offset + block) * n;
                LazyLtPlan& plan = get_lazy_lt_plan<256, 128, 64>();
                LazyLtStep& step = plan.steps[block_index];
                update_status = cublasLtMatmul(
                    plan.handle,
                    plan.operation,
                    &minus_one,
                    update_panel,
                    step.a,
                    update_panel,
                    step.b,
                    &one,
                    input_trailing,
                    step.c,
                    trailing,
                    step.d,
                    nullptr,
                    nullptr,
                    0,
                    0
                );
            } else {
                update_status = cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                    blas,
                    CUBLAS_OP_T,
                    CUBLAS_OP_N,
                    remaining,
                    remaining,
                    block,
                    &minus_one,
                    update_panel,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    update_ld,
                    update_stride,
                    update_panel,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    update_ld,
                    update_stride,
                    &one,
                    trailing,
                    CUDA_R_32F,
                    n,
                    stride,
                    batch,
                    CUBLAS_COMPUTE_32F_FAST_TF32,
                    CUBLAS_GEMM_DEFAULT_TENSOR_OP
                );
            }
            if (update_status != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                throw std::runtime_error("blocked GEMM failed");
            }
        }
        if (inverse_gemm) {
            if (block == 64) {
                launch_scatter_solved_panel_float4<64>(
                    matrices, solved_workspace, n, batch, offset,
                    remaining, solution_stride
                );
            } else {
                launch_scatter_solved_panel_float4<128>(
                    matrices, solved_workspace, n, batch, offset,
                    remaining, solution_stride
                );
            }
        }
    }

    if ((batch == 64 && n == 256) ||
        (batch < 128 && n >= 1024)) {
        dim3 zero_grid((n + 3) / 4, batch);
        zero_row_major_upper_tiled<<<zero_grid, 256>>>(matrices, n);
    } else {
        zero_row_major_upper<<<batch, 256>>>(matrices, n);
    }
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}

void potrf_blocked(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
) {
    potrf_blocked_impl(
        output, 0, pointers, info, inverse_workspace, solved_workspace,
        0, batch, n, block, true
    );
}

void potrf_blocked_trsm(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
) {
    potrf_blocked_impl(
        output, 0, pointers, info, inverse_workspace, solved_workspace,
        0, batch, n, block, false
    );
}

void potrf_blocked_from_input(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
) {
    potrf_blocked_impl(
        output, input, pointers, info, inverse_workspace, solved_workspace,
        0, batch, n, block, true
    );
}

void potrf_blocked_from_input_direct_panels(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    std::uint64_t raw_panel_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
) {
    potrf_blocked_impl(
        output, input, pointers, info, inverse_workspace, solved_workspace,
        raw_panel_workspace, batch, n, block, true
    );
}

void potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
) {
    potrf_blocked_impl(
        output, input, pointers, info, inverse_workspace, solved_workspace,
        0, batch, n, block, false
    );
}

void copy_lower(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    int batch,
    int n
) {
    dim3 grid((n + 31) / 32, batch);
    copy_row_major_lower_tiled<<<grid, 256>>>(
        reinterpret_cast<const float*>(input),
        reinterpret_cast<float*>(output),
        n
    );
    const cudaError_t error = cudaGetLastError();
    if (error != cudaSuccess) {
        throw std::runtime_error(cudaGetErrorString(error));
    }
}
"""

CPP_SOURCE = r"""
#include <cstdint>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>

void cholesky32(std::uint64_t input, std::uint64_t output, int batch);
void cholesky64(std::uint64_t input, std::uint64_t output, int batch);
void cholesky128(std::uint64_t input, std::uint64_t output, int batch);
void potrf_batched(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    int batch,
    int n
);
std::uint64_t potrf_workspace_sizes(std::uint64_t matrix, int n);
void potrf_single(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t workspace,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t device_bytes,
    std::uint64_t host_bytes,
    int batch,
    int n
);
void potrf_blocked(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
);
void potrf_blocked_trsm(
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
);
void potrf_blocked_from_input(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
);
void potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
);
void potrf_blocked_from_input_direct_panels(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    std::uint64_t pointers,
    std::uint64_t info,
    std::uint64_t inverse_workspace,
    std::uint64_t solved_workspace,
    std::uint64_t raw_panel_workspace,
    int batch,
    int n,
    int block
);
void copy_lower(
    std::uint64_t input,
    std::uint64_t output,
    int batch,
    int n
);

PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, module) {
    module.def("cholesky32", &cholesky32);
    module.def("cholesky64", &cholesky64);
    module.def("cholesky128", &cholesky128);
    module.def("potrf_batched", &potrf_batched);
    module.def("potrf_workspace_sizes", &potrf_workspace_sizes);
    module.def("potrf_single", &potrf_single);
    module.def("potrf_blocked", &potrf_blocked);
    module.def("potrf_blocked_trsm", &potrf_blocked_trsm);
    module.def("potrf_blocked_from_input", &potrf_blocked_from_input);
    module.def(
        "potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input", &potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input
    );
    module.def(
        "potrf_blocked_from_input_direct_panels",
        &potrf_blocked_from_input_direct_panels
    );
    module.def("copy_lower", &copy_lower);
}
"""

_capability = torch.cuda.get_device_capability()
os.environ.setdefault(
    "TORCH_CUDA_ARCH_LIST", f"{_capability[0]}.{_capability[1]}"
)
_architecture = (
    f"sm_{_capability[0]}{_capability[1]}a"
    if _capability[0] >= 10
    else f"sm_{_capability[0]}{_capability[1]}"
)
_native = load_inline(
    name="cholesky_c614_n32768_classified_tail80",
    cpp_sources=[CPP_SOURCE],
    cuda_sources=[CUDA_SOURCE],
    functions=None,
    extra_cuda_cflags=[
        "-O3",
        f"-arch={_architecture}",
        "-std=c++17",
        "--threads",
        "0",
    ],
    extra_ldflags=["-lcusolver", "-lcublas", "-lcublasLt"],
    no_implicit_headers=True,
    verbose=False,
)


_potrf_workspaces: dict[tuple[int, int], tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]] = {}
_single_workspaces: dict[
    tuple[int, int, int], tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, int]
] = {}
_blocked_workspaces: dict[
    tuple[int, int, int, int],
    tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor],
] = {}
_c542_raw_panel_workspaces: dict[
    tuple[int, int, int], torch.Tensor
] = {}
def _potrf_workspace(data: torch.Tensor) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    key = (data.device.index or 0, data.shape[0])
    workspace = _potrf_workspaces.get(key)
    if workspace is None:
        workspace = (
            torch.empty(data.shape[0], dtype=torch.int64, device=data.device),
            torch.empty(data.shape[0], dtype=torch.int32, device=data.device),
        )
        _potrf_workspaces[key] = workspace
    return workspace


def _single_workspace(
    output: torch.Tensor,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, int]:
    key = (output.device.index or 0, output.shape[0], output.shape[-1])
    workspace = _single_workspaces.get(key)
    if workspace is None:
        packed_sizes = _native.potrf_workspace_sizes(
            output.data_ptr(), output.shape[-1]
        )
        device_bytes = packed_sizes >> 32
        host_bytes = packed_sizes & 0xFFFFFFFF
        workspace = (
            torch.empty(device_bytes, dtype=torch.uint8, device=output.device),
            torch.empty(output.shape[0], dtype=torch.int32, device=output.device),
            host_bytes,
        )
        _single_workspaces[key] = workspace
    return workspace


def _blocked_workspace(
    data: torch.Tensor, block: int
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    key = (data.device.index or 0, data.shape[0], data.shape[-1], block)
    workspace = _blocked_workspaces.get(key)
    if workspace is None:
        solved_elements = data.shape[0] * block * (data.shape[-1] - block)
        large_half_elements = data.numel() // 2 if data.shape[-1] >= 16384 else 0
        workspace = (
            torch.empty(
                data.shape[0] * 4 * (data.shape[-1] // block),
                dtype=torch.int64,
                device=data.device,
            ),
            torch.empty(
                data.shape[0], dtype=torch.int32, device=data.device
            ),
            torch.empty(
                data.shape[0] * block * block,
                dtype=torch.float32,
                device=data.device,
            ),
            torch.empty(
                solved_elements + large_half_elements,
                dtype=torch.float32,
                device=data.device,
            ),
        )
        _blocked_workspaces[key] = workspace
    return workspace


def _c542_raw_panel_workspace(data: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    key = (data.device.index or 0, data.shape[0], data.shape[-1])
    raw_panel = _c542_raw_panel_workspaces.get(key)
    if raw_panel is None:
        raw_panel = torch.empty_like(data)
        _c542_raw_panel_workspaces[key] = raw_panel
    return raw_panel


def custom_kernel(data: input_t) -> output_t:
    if data.shape[-1] == 32:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        _native.cholesky32(data.data_ptr(), output.data_ptr(), data.shape[0])
        return output
    if data.shape[-1] == 64:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        _native.cholesky64(data.data_ptr(), output.data_ptr(), data.shape[0])
        return output
    if data.shape[-1] == 128:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        _native.cholesky128(
            data.data_ptr(), output.data_ptr(), data.shape[0]
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 64 and data.shape[-1] == 256:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input(
            data.data_ptr(),
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            256,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 16 and data.shape[-1] == 512:
        output = data.clone()
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_trsm(
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            512,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 4 and data.shape[-1] == 1024:
        output = data.clone()
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_trsm(
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            1024,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 60 and data.shape[-1] == 1024:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_from_input(
            data.data_ptr(),
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            1024,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 640 and data.shape[-1] == 512:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 64)
        raw_panel = _c542_raw_panel_workspace(data)
        _native.potrf_blocked_from_input_direct_panels(
            data.data_ptr(),
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            raw_panel.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            512,
            64,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 8 and data.shape[-1] == 2048:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_from_input(
            data.data_ptr(),
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            2048,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[-1] == 16384:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input(
            data.data_ptr(),
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            16384,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[-1] == 32768:
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        pointers, info, inverse, solved = _blocked_workspace(data, 128)
        _native.potrf_blocked_trsm_from_input(
            data.data_ptr(),
            output.data_ptr(),
            pointers.data_ptr(),
            info.data_ptr(),
            inverse.data_ptr(),
            solved.data_ptr(),
            data.shape[0],
            32768,
            128,
        )
        return output
    if data.shape[0] == 2 and data.shape[-1] in (2048, 4096):
        output = torch.empty_like(data)
        _, info = _potrf_workspace(data)
        for index in range(2):
            torch.linalg.cholesky_ex(
                data[index],
                check_errors=False,
                out=(output[index], info[index]),
            )
        return output
    return torch.linalg.cholesky_ex(data, check_errors=False).L
scrolls · 5275 lines total

Source code from GPU Mode and the KernelBot dataset · June 9 Researcher Reciprocity License v1.0

Best evidence level for this revision: reported

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